Fig. 1. Schematic of our experimental configuration. IS, integrating sphere; L, positive lens; P, polarizer; Q, quarter-wave plate; ZVHR, zero-order vortex half-wave retarder; A, analyzer.

Fig. 2. Typical measured results of linearly polarized light. (a) The recorded hourglass intensity image of horizontal linearly polarized light. (b) A ring ROI cut from (a). (c) The normalized intensity modulation curves as a function of azimuth angle φ obtained from measured and theoretical images.

Fig. 3. Experimental results measured from multiple regularly varied SOPs. (a) Experimental (black star, S₁; red circle, S₂; blue triangle, S₃) and theoretical (black line, S₁; red line, S₂; blue line, S₃) Stokes parameters corresponding to different SOPs. (b) Experimental (red star) and theoretical (blue line) data shown on a Poincaré sphere.