Fig. 1. Home-made environmental control hood and the cooling stage for anti-icing performance observation of superhydrophobic surfaces

Fig. 2. Fixture of ice adhesion strength tests for superhydrophobic surfaces

Fig. 3. Triple-scale micro-nanostructured superhydrophobic surfaces fabricated via ultrafast laser hybrid method. (a)--(a3) Triple-scale micro-nanostructured copper superhydrophobic surface; (b)--(b2) triple-scale micro-nanostructured aluminum alloy superhydrophobic surface; (c)--(d) contact angle and sliding angle of the droplets on the copper superhydrophobic surface; (e) contact angle of the droplet on the aluminum alloy superhydrophobic surface

Fig. 4. Morphologies of Cu-MNGF surfaces chemically oxidized at 90 ℃ for different time. (a) 1 min; (b) 2 min; (c) 3 min; (d) 5 min; (e) 10 min; (f) 15 min

Fig. 5. Nanostructure morphologies of Cu-MNGF surfaces chemically oxidized at 90 ℃ for different time. (a)(a1) 1 min; (b)(b1) 5 min; (c)(c1)(c2) 10 min; (d) 15 min

Fig. 6. Dropwise condensation and coalescence-induced jumping of condensed droplets on the triple-scale Cu-MNGF superhydrophobic surface

Fig. 7. Hierarchical condensation phenomenon on triple-scale Cu-MNGF superhydrophobic surface. (a) Hierarchical condensation with the primary condensed droplets and the second condensed droplets; (b) schematic of hierarchical condensation; (c)--(j) the movement and behavior of the second condensed droplets within the surface structures

Fig. 8. Delaying icing time of different superhydrophobic surfaces. (a) Smooth hydrophilic Cu surface(Cu-S); (b) dual-scale micro/nano superhydrophobic Cu surface (Cu-MNR); (c) triple-scale micro/nano superhydrophobic Cu surface ( Cu-MNGF )

Fig. 9. Delaying icing process of three flat surfaces (F denotes fluoridized flat surface, S denotes polished but not fluoridized surface, and R denotes neither polished nor fluoridized surface. Scale bar: 10 mm). (a) All of the three surfaces are not yet icing; (b) icing starts at the solid-liquid interface of R surface; (c)--(d) the icing interface in the liquid column on the R surface keeps moving up; (e) icing starts at the solid-liquid interface of S surface; (f)--(h) the icing interfaces in the li

Fig. 10. Ice adhesion strength of different aluminum alloy superhydrophobic surfaces and test results of ten consecutive icing-deicing cycles on Al-MNGF surface. (a) Ice adhesion strength; (b) test results of ten consecutive icing-deicing cycles