High Power Laser and Particle Beams, Volume. 34, Issue 5, 054001(2022)
Research advances in ultrafast X-ray free-electron lasers
Figures & Tables(14)
![Schematic illustration of the ESASE experiment at LCLS[47]](/Images/icon/loading.gif){kind=icon}
Fig. 4. Schematic illustration of the ESASE experiment at LCLS[47]
Fig. 6. Fresh-slice technique based on the transverse wakefields of a dechirper[68]
Fig. 7. Schematic illustration of nonlinear bunch compression at LCLS[78]
Fig. 8. Schematic diagram of the mode-locked FEL scheme proposed by Thompson et al.[80]
Fig. 9. Schematic diagram of the mode-locked FEL scheme proposed by Dunning et al.[81]
Fig. 10. Schematic diagram of attosecond soft X-ray cascade amplification scheme[87]
Fig. 12. Comparison of various ultrafast XFEL pulse generation schemes. The blue markers represent hard X-ray generation schemes and magenta markers represent soft X-ray generation schemes. The orange filled markers indicate the schemes have been validated on FEL facilities. The shaded blue area indicates the parameter space that can be achieved currently
Table 1. Main parameters of the schemes presented in Fig.12
View tableView in ArticleTable 1. Main parameters of the schemes presented in Fig.12
scheme pulse duration (FWHM)/as pulse peak power/GW wavelength/photon energy reference energy modulation 100 0.005 1 nm [ 29 ]300 1 0.1 nm [ 28 ]300 100 0.15 nm [ 30 ]200 100 0.15 nm [ 31 ]400 100 900 eV/ 1100 eV [ 40 ]400 1 000 1.22 nm/ 2.48 nm [ 33 ]current modulation 250 40 0.15 nm [ 42 ]100 2.3 0.15 nm [ 43 ]146 58 0.1 nm [ 45 ]210 25 0.15 nm [ 46 ]280 100 905 eV [ 47 ]250 120 940 eV [ 50 ]1 000 39 560 eV [ 51 ]emittance spoiling 2 000 10 8 keV [ 52 ]3 800 2.5 1.1 nm [ 55 ]420 30 5.6 keV [ 56 ]10 000 30 1.5 keV [ 59 ]orbit control 29 000 12 0.15 nm [ 60 ]115 100 0.15 nm [ 61 ]5 000 140 670 eV [ 68 ]low charge bunch compression 300 10 0.15 nm [ 72 ]2 000 20 1.5 nm [ 73 ]2 600 10 1 keV [ 74 ]140 35 0.15 nm [ 77 ]200 50 5.6 keV [ 78 ]326 4.3 7.36 keV [ 79 ]mode-locked FEL 23 6 0.15 nm [ 80 ]1.5 1.5 0.1 nm [ 81 ]cascade amplification 228 1 000 0.1 nm [ 82 ]500 1 000 0.1 nm [ 83 ]53 6 600 10 keV [ 84 ]100 300 0.1 nm [ 85 ]80 1 700 0.15 nm [ 86 ]260 550 1.5 nm [ 87 ]chirped microbunching 46 1.2 8.6 nm [ 88 ]
Table 2. A summary of various ultrafast XFEL pulse generation schemes
View tableView in ArticleTable 2. A summary of various ultrafast XFEL pulse generation schemes
scheme spectral range isolated pulse/ pulse train synchronization to optical laser high repetition frequency (MHz) hardware requirements and feasibility energy modulation all (soft X-ray to hard X-ray) isolated/train yes no (self-modulation method-yes) high power external laser, need to add modulators current modulation all isolated/train yes no (self-modulation method-yes) high power external laser, need to add modulators emittance spoiling slotted foil all isolated no no non-invasive hardware, can be used at any facilities optical shaping yes yes no additional hardware, can be used at any facilities orbit control RF deflector all isolated no yes no additional hardware, can be used at any facilities laser modulation yes no high power external laser, need to add modulators transverse wakefield no yes add dechirper before the undulator dispersion based no yes no additional hardware, can be used at any facilities low charge bunch compression all isolated no yes no additional hardware, can be used at any facilities cascade amplification (based on slotted foil, orbit control, ESASE, the specific attributes are the same as above) all isolated/train —— —— add chicane between undulators, need a dedicated line mode-locked FEL all train yes no high power external laser and chicanes, need a dedicated line chirped microbunching soft X-ray isolated yes —— seed laser and modulators，need a dedicated line
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Haoyan Jia, Senlin Huang, Yi Jiao, Jingyi Li, Kexin Liu, Shuai Liu, Weihang Liu, Zhongqi Liu, Tianyun Long, Weilun Qin, Sheng Zhao. Research advances in ultrafast X-ray free-electron lasers[J]. High Power Laser and Particle Beams, 2022, 34(5): 054001
Paper Information
Category: Particle Beams and Accelerator Technology?Overview
Received: Feb. 25, 2022
Accepted: --
Published Online: Jun. 2, 2022
The Author Email: Senlin Huang (huangsl@pku.edu.cn)
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