Research Progress and Trend of LiDAR Radiation Intensity Correction

Dan Wang; Qiong Ding; Runyuan Zhang; Yuwei An

doi:10.3788/LOP231735

Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, Volume. 61, Issue 14, 1400003(2024)

Research Progress and Trend of LiDAR Radiation Intensity Correction

Dan Wang, Qiong Ding^*, Runyuan Zhang, and Yuwei An

Department of Surveying and Mapping Engineering, School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China

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Figures & Tables(7)

Fig. 1. Example of the shape of a waveform emitted and returned

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Fig. 2. Intensity of different objects. (a) Panoramic representation of a scanned region; (b)(c) histograms of intensity measured on different objects

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Fig. 3. Examples of intensity abnormalities. (a) Abnormal reflection on water surface; (b) abnormal reflection caused by floating smoke; (c) strip stacking differences; (d) striping noise

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Table 1. Applications of LiDAR intensity

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Table 1. Applications of LiDAR intensity

Category	Application	Reference
Land cover classification	Classification of urban surfaces	［6，10］
	Detection and classification of buildings	［11-12］
	Classification of glacier surfaces	［13］
	Supplementing image-based land cover classification	［14-15］
Data registration	Registration of point cloud	［16-18］
Data registration	Integration of point cloud and images	［19-21］
Monitoring natural environments	Wetland hydrology	［22-23］
	Identification of different rock and soil layers	［24］
	Lava flows aging	［25］
	Forestry	［26-32］
	Snow cover change detection	［33］
	Estimation of surface moisture	［34］
	Calving activity of tidewater glacier	［35］
Transportation asset management	Detection of road objects and features	［36-39］
	Extraction of road free space	［40］
	Pavement and tunnel damage detection	［41-42］
Structural damage detection	Assessment of historic buildings	［43］
	Detection textural damage of structures	［44］
	Detection of bridge surface degradation	［45］
	Detection of wind-induced cladding damage	［46］

Table 2. Theoretical correction methods

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Table 2. Theoretical correction methods

Reference	LiDAR system	Influential factor	Method model	Target
［1］	Multispectral airborne LiDAR	range（ $R$ ），angle of incidence（ $α$ ），and atmospheric attenuation（ $T$ ）	$I_{c} = I {[\frac{R}{R_{m i n}}]}^{A} {[\frac{1}{c o s α}]}^{B} e x p (2 a R)$	overlapping scan areas
［31］	ALS	range（ $R$ ），automatic gain control（ $G_{C}$ ）	$I_{c} = I \frac{R^{A}}{R_{r e f}^{A}} + I \times B \times (C - G_{C})$	‒
［47］	ALS	range（ $R$ ），angle of incidence（ $α$ ），and atmospheric attenuation（ $T$ ）	$I_{c} = I \frac{R^{2}}{R_{r e f}^{2}} \frac{1}{c o s α} e x p (- 2 a R)$	‒
［51］	ALS	range（ $R$ ），angle of incidence（ $α$ ）	$I_{c} = I \frac{R^{2}}{R_{r e f}^{2}} \frac{1}{c o s α}$	‒
［52］	TLS	range（ $R$ ），angle of incidence（ $α$ ）	$I_{c} = \frac{I R^{2}}{c o s (A + B s i n α t a n α)}$	white matte paper
［57］	ALS	range（ $R$ ），angle of incidence（ $α$ ），atmospheric attenuation（ $T$ ），and transmitted energy（ $E_{t}$ ）	$I_{c} = I \frac{R^{2}}{R_{r e f}^{2}} \frac{1}{c o s α} \frac{E_{t r e f}}{E_{t}} 10^{- 2 a R}$	asphalt road
［58］	ALS	range（ $R$ ），angle of incidence（ $α$ ），and atmospheric attenuation（ $T$ ）	$I_{c} = I \frac{R^{2}}{R_{r e f}^{2}} \frac{1}{c o s α} 10^{- 2 a R}$	overlapping scan areas
［59］	ALS	range（ $R$ ），angle of incidence（ $α$ ），and atmospheric attenuation（ $T$ ）	$I_{c} = I \frac{R^{2}}{R_{r e f}^{2}} \frac{1}{c o s α} e x p (- a R)$	asphalt road

Table 3. Empirical correction methods

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Table 3. Empirical correction methods

Reference	LiDAR system	Impactor factor	Method model	Target
［37］	Mobile LiDAR	range（ $R$ ），angle of incidence（ $α$ ）	$I_{c} = I \frac{F_{1} (R_{r e f})}{F_{1} (R)} \frac{F_{2} (α_{r e f})}{F_{2} (α)}$ $F_{1}$ ：piecewise， $F_{2}$ ：liner	cement road cement wall
［53］	TLS	range（ $R$ ），angle of incidence（ $α$ ），and near-distance effect（ $n (R)$ ）	$I_{c} = n (R) \times \frac{A (1 - B + B c o s α)}{R^{2}}$	white paper target
［57］	ALS	range（ $R$ ）	$I_{c} = I \times [A R^{2} + B R + (1 - 1000^{2} A - 1000 B)]$	‒
［60］	TLS	range（ $R$ ），angle of incidence（ $α$ ）	$\begin{matrix} I_{c} = I - F_{1} (R) - F_{2} (α) \\ F_{2} (α) = 10 l o g [c o s (A + B s i n α t a n α)] \end{matrix}$ $F_{1}$ ：piecewise	teflon material
［61-62］	TLS	range（ $R$ ），angle of incidence（ $α$ ）	$I_{c} = \frac{I}{F_{1} (R) F_{2} (c o s α)}$ ， $F_{1}$ and $F_{2}$ ：polynomial	spectralon
［63］	TLS	range（ $R$ ），angle of incidence（ $α$ ）	$I_{c} = \frac{I}{F_{1} (R) F_{2} (c o s α)}$ ， $F_{1}$ and $F_{2}$ ：polynomial	sand
［64］	TLS	range（ $R$ ），angle of incidence（ $α$ ）	$I_{c} = [1805.4 - \frac{3075.8}{R}] c o s α + 1473.9 - \frac{1510.5}{R} + I_{m i n}$	sphere
［65］	ALS	automatic gain control（ $G_{C}$ ）	$I_{c} = A + B \times I + C \times I \times G_{C}$	trap

Table 4. Correction with reference targets

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Table 4. Correction with reference targets

Reference	LiDAR system	Impact factor	Method model	Target
［56］	ALS	range（ $R$ ），angle of incidence（ $α$ ），atmospheric attenuation（ $T$ ），and transmitted energy（ $E_{t}$ ）	$\begin{matrix} I_{c} = I \frac{R^{2}}{R_{r e f}^{2}} \frac{1}{c o s α} \frac{E_{t r e f}}{E_{t}} \frac{1}{T^{2}} \\ ρ = I_{c} \frac{ρ_{r e f}}{I_{c r e f}} \end{matrix}$	asphalt road，tarps，and sand
［66］	ALS	range（ $R$ ），angle of incidence（ $α$ ），reflectance（ $ρ$ ），and empirical calibration constant（ $C_{c a l}$ ）	$\begin{array}{l} C_{c a l} = ρ_{r e f} \frac{c o s α_{r e f}}{R_{r e f}^{2}} \\ ρ = C_{c a l} \frac{R^{2}}{c o s α} \end{array}$	asphalt road，stone pavement
［67］	ALS	range（ $R$ ），atmospheric attenuation（ $T$ ），transmitted energy（ $E_{t}$ ），and reflectance（ $ρ$ ）	$\begin{array}{l} I_{c} = I \frac{R^{2}}{R_{r e f}^{2}} \frac{E_{t r e f}}{E_{t}} \\ ρ = A I_{c} + B \end{array}$	traps
［68］	TLS	range（ $R$ ），angle of incidence（ $α$ ）	$ρ = 10^{\frac{\frac{I}{I_{r e f}} - A}{B}}$	sand
［69］	TLS	range（ $R$ ），angle of incidence（ $α$ ），and reflectance（ $ρ$ ）	$I_{c} (ρ) = F_{1} (ρ_{r e f}) \frac{I (ρ, c o s α, R)}{I (ρ_{r e f}, c o s α, R)}$ $F_{1}$ ：line	spectralon

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Dan Wang, Qiong Ding, Runyuan Zhang, Yuwei An. Research Progress and Trend of LiDAR Radiation Intensity Correction[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 2024, 61(14): 1400003

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Paper Information

Category: Reviews

Received: Jul. 17, 2023

Accepted: Nov. 21, 2023

Published Online: Jul. 4, 2024

The Author Email: Qiong Ding (qding_cn@163.com)

DOI:10.3788/LOP231735

CSTR:32186.14.LOP231735

Topics

laser devices and laser physics

Lasers and Laser Optics

Laser physics

laser manufacturing

Instrumentation, Measurement and Metrology