Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the principle of the aerial camera

Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of airborne camera imaging

Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of the image plane coordinate system

Fig. 4. Schematic diagram of the ECEF coordinate frame and the Earth ellipsoid model

Fig. 5. Effects of imaging inclinations on target positioning accuracy under different ground height standard deviations

Fig. 6. Calculation process of the iterative photogrammetry method

Fig. 7. Situations of the iterative non-convergence of the regular iterative method. (a) Situation 1; (b) situation 2

Fig. 8. Improved iterative calculation method in Ref. [9]. (a) Convergent situation; (b) non-convergent situation

Fig. 9. Basic principle of visual vector segmentation iterative calculation

Fig. 10. Basic principle of the fast iterative method

Fig. 11. Schematic diagram of fast iterative method

Fig. 12. Probability distribution of the LOS pointing error

Fig. 13. Aerial images of different regions and positioning results. (a)−(b) plain; (c)−(d) hill; (e)−(f) mountain