High-security three-dimensional CAP modulation technique integrating end-to-end constellation optimization and four-level masking

Juntao Zhang; Bo Liu; Jianxin Ren; Yaya Mao; Xiangyu Wu; Rahat Ullah; Jie Cui; Yilan Ma; Jianye Zhao; Dongdong Xu; Shuaidong Chen; Shuyu Zhou

doi:10.3788/COL202523.030601

Chinese Optics Letters, Volume. 23, Issue 3, 030601(2025)

High-security three-dimensional CAP modulation technique integrating end-to-end constellation optimization and four-level masking

Juntao Zhang^1,2,3, Bo Liu^1,2,3、*, Jianxin Ren^1,2,3, Yaya Mao^1,2,3, Xiangyu Wu^1,2,3, Rahat Ullah^1,2,3, Jie Cui^1,2,3, Yilan Ma^1,2,3, Jianye Zhao⁴, Dongdong Xu^1,2,3, Shuaidong Chen^1,2,3, and Shuyu Zhou^1,2,3

Author Affiliations

¹Institute of Optics and Electronics, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China

²Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Optoelectronic Detection of Atmoand Sphere and Ocean, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China

³Jiangsu International Joint Laboratory on Meteorological Photonics and Optoelectronic Detection, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China

⁴Institute of Electronics and Information, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China

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Figures & Tables(8)

Fig. 1. Principle of high-security 3D-CAP transmission based on four-level masking.

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Fig. 2. Convergence of reconstruction error loss corresponding to different batch sizes.

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Fig. 3. (a) Constellation before GS. (b) Constellation after GS.

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Fig. 4. Principle of class k Fibonacci polynomial masking.

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Fig. 5. Key performance of Enc-GS-16 CAP.

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Fig. 6. Experimental setup. AWG, arbitrary waveform generator; EA, electrical amplifier; MZM, Mach–Zehnder modulator; EDFA, erbium-doped fiber amplifier; MCF, multicore fiber; PS, power splitter; VOA, variable optical attenuator; PD, photodiode; MSO, mixed-signal oscilloscope; DSP, digital signal processing; OLT, optical line terminal; ONU, illegal receiver.

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Fig. 7. (a) Comparison of the BER between the seven-core experiment and BTB experiment. (b) BER performance comparison of Enc-GS-16 CAP, W/O-Enc-GS-16 CAP, and illegal-GS-16 CAP.

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Fig. 8. BER performance comparison of traditional 16 CAP versus the proposed 16 CAP.

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Juntao Zhang, Bo Liu, Jianxin Ren, Yaya Mao, Xiangyu Wu, Rahat Ullah, Jie Cui, Yilan Ma, Jianye Zhao, Dongdong Xu, Shuaidong Chen, Shuyu Zhou, "High-security three-dimensional CAP modulation technique integrating end-to-end constellation optimization and four-level masking," Chin. Opt. Lett. 23, 030601 (2025)

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