This study investigates the enhancement of shear strength in aramid fiber-reinforced polymer (AFRP) composite joints through surface pretreatment using a 532 nm picosecond laser. The paper first discusses the optimal process window for laser removal of resin from the ARFP surface and analyzes the reasons why laser treatment can enhance the shear strength of the joints from the perspective of mechanical and chemical joining. Subsequently, the etching of notches on the AFRP surface was continued and the effects of notch spacing, number of etchings and scanning angle on the shear strength of the joint were investigated. The results showed that the joint shear strength was improved by 30% compared to the original surface after laser removal of resin from the AFRP surface, and by 75% compared to the original surface after etching the notches. These results offer valuable insights for the repair of AFRP structures and their application in specialized equipment.