Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, Volume. 58, Issue 15, 1516012(2021)
Research Status on Radiation Performance and Radiation Resistance Technology of Rare-Earth-Doped Fibers
Figures & Tables(29)
![Normalized gain degradation as a function of the total accumulated dose for the three fibers[61]](/Images/icon/loading.gif){kind=icon}
Fig. 2. Normalized gain degradation as a function of the total accumulated dose for the three fibers[61]
Fig. 3. Influence of the doping with Er3+ ions on the fiber radiation sensitivity[67]
Fig. 4. Measured RIA spectra of fibers exposed to 3.0 kGy of irradiation for 8 months[72]
Fig. 5. RIA and Gaussian-fitted results for the fibers exposed to 100 krad of 60Co gamma-ray irradiation[74]
Fig. 9. Irradiation dose dependence of the normalized gain of the four amplifiers[77]
Fig. 10. HACC fiber structure and experimental setup used for the characterization of the radiation response of EDFA[81]. (a) Fiber structure; (b) experimental setup
Fig. 11. Radiation induced degradation in the gain of the EDFAs designed with HACC and RTAC[81]
Fig. 13. Laser output power of 2 μm pristine TDF, the TDFs with H2-loading and D2-loading, the irradiated TDFs, and the irradiated TDFs with H2-loading and D2-loading versus the launched pump power[82]
Fig. 15. RIA-spectra at the maximum dose 1 MGy of the four tested fibers (the inset shows the differences of RIA)[85]
Fig. 16. Spectral decomposition of the difference of RIA between the F2D3-O2 and F2D3 at 1 MGy[85]
Fig. 17. RIA spectra of GeD2 and GeD2O2 irradiated at 1 MGy (the inset shows the RIA at 350 nm)[86]
Fig. 18. Absorption spectra and output characteristics of laser oscillator[94]. (a) Absorption spectra of a new fiber (upper graph) and a photobleached (lower graph) fiber; (b) output characteristics of the laser oscillator using the new fiber (circles) and photobleached (squares) fiber
Fig. 20. PD induced excess loss at 633, 702, 810, and 1041 nm for the pristine fiber and the 532 nm pre-irradiated fiber[99]. (a) Pristine fiber; (b) 532 nm pre-irradiated fiber
Fig. 21. Effect of 532 nm laser injection on optical fiber properties[99]. (a) Absorption spectra change for 532 nm and 915 nm injection; (b) PD and photo-bleaching evolution under different pump powers of 532 nm laser at 702 nm
Table 1. Common point defects in pure silica fibers and single-doped fibers
View tableTable 1. Common point defects in pure silica fibers and single-doped fibers
Type Full name Abbreviation OA peak（FWHM） /eV Pure-silica related point defects Oxygen deficient center ODC（Ⅰ） 7.6（0.5）［ 20 -21 ］ODC（Ⅱ） 5.05（0.32）［ 20 -21 ］3.15（0.3）［ 20 ］，6.9（0.4）［20 ］Non-bridging oxygen hole center NBOHC 2.0（0.18）［ 20 ］，4.8（1.0）［20 ，22 ］6.8（1.8）［ 23 ］Peroxy linkage POL 3.8（0.2），4.2（0.6），7.3（0.2），7.5（0.1）［ 24 ］Peroxy radical POR 2.08， 2.19， 5.5［ 25 ］Self-trapped electron STE 3.7（1.2）［ 26 ］Self-trapped hole STH1 2.61（1.2）［ 27 ］，1.88（0.5）［27 ］STH2 2.16（0.9）［ 27 ］，1.63（0.6）［27 ］E’center E’ 5.8（0.7）［ 20 ］Germanium-related point defects Germanium lone pair center GLPC 5.14（0.4）［ 28 ］，3.8［29 ］No Ge（1） 4.41（1.39）［ 27 ，30 ］No Ge（2） 5.8（0.74-0.9）［ 29 ］Germanium E’center GeE’ 6.2（1.1）［ 30 ］Germanium-related NBOHC Ge-NBOHC 1.97（0.26）［ 30 ］，3.68［31 ］No GeX 2.61（0.97）［ 27 ，30 ，32 ］No GeY 1.38（0.71）［ 27 ］Phosphorus-related point defects Meta-stable POHC m-POHC 2.2（0.35），2.5（0.63）［ 27 ，30 ］Stable POHC S-POHC 3.1（0.73）［ 27 ，30 ］，5.3（0.74）［30 ］No P1 0.79（0.29）［ 27 ］No P2 4.5（1.27）［ 30 ］No P4 4.8（0.41）［ 30 ］Aluminum-related point defects No Al-OHC 2.3（0.9）［ 27 ］，3.2（1）［27 ］，4.9（1.08）［33 ］Aluminum E’center AlE’ 4.1（1.02）［ 33 ］No AlX 1.67-1.82［ 34 ］Impurity Hydroxyl ―OH 0.90，0.992.1.31［ 14 ］Chlorine related defects Cl0 3.26，3.65［ 27 ］Cl2 3.78（0.7）［ 27 ］Interstitial oxygen O2 0.975（0.011），1.62（0.012）［ 20 ］O3 4.8（0.84）［ 20 ，22 ］
Table 2. Characteristics of tested Re-doped fibers[61]
View tableTable 2. Characteristics of tested Re-doped fibers[61]
Parameter #ErYb #ErYbCe #ErYbCe+ Core diameter （μm） 12 12 11，5 1st Clad diameter （μm） 125 125 125 2nd Clad diameter （μm） 170 170 170 P （wt. %） 9 9 9 Er （×1025 Ions/m3） 2.4 3，3 2，9 Yb （×1025 Ions/m3） 37 43 39 Ce （Ions/m3） none level 1 level 2 SM α @ 1.536 μm dB/m 63 58 55 MM α @ 0.915 μm dB/m 2.9 3.3 2.8
Table 3. Parameters of experimental optical fiber[72]
View tableTable 3. Parameters of experimental optical fiber[72]
Fiber No. Fiber designation Dopant concentration （mol.%） Er2O3 Al2O3 P2O5 AlPO4 GeO2 1 p - - 12 - - 2 PAl - - 4 13.6 - 3 AlP - 2.3 - 17 - 4 Al - 4 - - - 5 Al-Ge - 4 - - 0.05 6 AlP-Ge - 1 - 21 2 7 Er-Al-Ge 0.074 12 - - 0.8 8 Er-PAl 0.038 - 4.3 19.4 - 9 Er-Al 0.046 6.5 - - -
Table 4. Dopant concentrations in the studied glass preforms[74]
View tableTable 4. Dopant concentrations in the studied glass preforms[74]
Er Yb P Ge Sample 1 0.11 wt% 0.95 wt% 10 wt% - MMF Sample 2 0.09 wt% 0.79 wt% 7.7 wt% 0.79 wt% Sample 3 0.10 wt% 1.2 wt% 8.5 wt% 1.7 wt% Sample 4 0.10 wt% 0.51 wt% 4.5 wt% 3.2 wt% Sample 5 0.12 wt% 0.69 wt% 10 wt% 4.0 wt% MMF Sample 6 0.09 wt% 0.52 wt% 8.3 wt% 4.4 wt% Sample 7 0.17 wt% 0.84 wt% 7.3 wt% 6.7 wt% SMF
Table 5. EDFs prepared with two processes and associated EDFA parameters[75]
View tableTable 5. EDFs prepared with two processes and associated EDFA parameters[75]
Fiber Name Al-NB Al-LB NP-Al NP-Si NP-Si+ Erbium absorption （dB/m@1530 nm） 4.7 12.3 23 2 3.2 Aluminum （wt%） <1 6-8 4-6 0 0 Pump power （dBm） 23 23 21 23 21 Optimal Length （m） 25 6 2.5 45 22 Output signal （dBm） 17 18 16 17 15
Table 6. Doping of each element in tested rare-earth optical fibers[77]
View tableTable 6. Doping of each element in tested rare-earth optical fibers[77]
Fibers Er3+（wi. %） Yb3+（wt. %） Ce3+（wl. %） P（wt. %） H2pre-loading #1 0.07 1.50 - -12 - #1H 0.07 1.50 - -12 Yes #2 0.07 1.40 0.6 -12 - #2H 0.07 1.40 0.6 -12 Yes #3 - - 0.6 -12 #3H - - 0.6 -12 Yes
Table 7. Composition of tested optical fibers in Ref.[85]
View tableTable 7. Composition of tested optical fibers in Ref.[85]
Samples SiD3 SiD3-O2 F2D3 F2D3-O2 F core （w%） <0.06 <0.06 0.15÷0.25 0.15÷0.25 F clad （w%） 1.5÷1.6 1.5÷1.6 1.3÷1.4 1.3÷1.4 Cl core （w%） <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Cl clad （w%） <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 ［O2］ （cm-3） none ~2·1018 none ~2·1018
Table 8. Mechanism, advantages and disadvantages of various anti-irradiation methods
View tableTable 8. Mechanism, advantages and disadvantages of various anti-irradiation methods
Method Mechanism Advantage Disadvantage Ce co-doping Valence change of Ce Reduce both RIA and PD Increase thermal effect and reduce laser efficiency Adjust doping ratio See 4.1.2 Simplicity of operator Difficult to accurate proportion adjustment Nanoparticules doping-process Reduce Al co-doping and quenching level of Er Reduce the Al related color center Reduced fiber gain Gas loading
（H2，D2，O2）
Reduce the corresponding point defects Simplicity of operator，
radiation-hardening effect is good
H2， D2 outdiffuse with time easily，
O2 loading can produce peroxy defects and interstitial oxygen
Photobleaching /heat bleaching Color centers absorb energy/heat to bleach（still in research） Reduce both RIA and PD，
easy to operate
Photobleaching requires the system to work，
the heat bleaching temperature is too high
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Bo Wang, Chi Cao, Yingbin Xing, Gui Chen, Nengli Dai, Haiqing Li, Jinggang Peng, Jinyan Li. Research Status on Radiation Performance and Radiation Resistance Technology of Rare-Earth-Doped Fibers[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 2021, 58(15): 1516012
Paper Information
Category: Materials
Received: Jan. 18, 2021
Accepted: Mar. 2, 2021
Published Online: Aug. 6, 2021
The Author Email: Jinyan Li (ljy@hust.edu.cn)
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