Fig. 1. Physical model of stagnant branch pipe (a) Pipeline layout method, (b) Pipeline model size

Fig. 2. Location selection of characteristic temperature monitoring points

Fig. 3. Physical properties of water (a) Density and specific heat capacity of water, (b) Thermal conductivity and viscosity of water

Fig. 4. Mesh independence verification

Fig. 5. Grid model of stagnant branch pipe (a) Overall grid structure, (b) Inlet face grid, (c) Outlet face grid

Fig. 6. Transient calculation results using different turbulent models

Fig. 7. Variation of the maximum cross-sectional temperature difference for each temperature measurement section in a horizontal pipe section over time

Fig. 8. Distributions of temperature field and flow field in the small and large end pipe section of transition pipe at 1 200 s

Fig. 9. Variation of temperature difference between sections B and C over time

Fig. 10. Flow field of curved pipe section at 2 000 s

Fig. 11. Temperature distribution of the flow field at 3 800 s

Fig. 12. Temperature data obtained at measurement points on the vertical pipe section