[1] [1] MOULTON P F. Spectroscopic and laser characteristics of Ti∶Al2O3［J］. Josa B, 1986, 3(1): 125-133.

[3] [3] BUSSIRE B, UTZA O, SANNER N, et al. Bulk laser-induced damage threshold of titanium-doped sapphire crystals［J］. Applied Optics, 2012, 51(32): 7826-7833.

[4] [4] ANGLOHER G, BRUCKMAYER M, BUCCI C, et al. Limits on WIMP dark matter using sapphire cryogenic detectors［J］. Astroparticle Physics, 2002, 18(1): 43-55.

[5] [5] LUCA M, CORON N, DUJARDIN C, et al. Scintillating and optical spectroscopy of Al2O3∶Ti for dark matter searches［J］. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 2009, 606(3): 545-551.

[6] [6] MIKHAILIK V B, KRAUS H, BALCERZYK M, et al. Low-temperature spectroscopic and scintillation characterisation of Ti-doped Al2O3［J］. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 2005, 546(3): 523-534.

[7] [7] GALUNOV N Z, GORBACHEVA T E, GRINYOV B V, et al. Radiation resistant composite scintillators based on Al2O3∶Ti grains and their properties after irradiation［J］. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 2017, 866: 104-110.

[8] [8] MIKHAILIK V B, KRAUS H, WAHL D, et al. Luminescence studies of Ti-doped Al2O3 using vacuum ultraviolet synchrotron radiation［J］. Applied Physics Letters, 2005, 86(10): 101909.

[9] [9] LACOVARA P, ESTEROWITZ L, KOKTA M. Growth, spectroscopy, and lasing of titanium-doped sapphire［J］. IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, 1985, 21(10): 1614-1618.

[10] [10] UECKER R, KLIMM D, GANSCHOW S, et al. Czochralski growth of Ti∶sapphire laser crystals［C］//European Symposium on Optics and Photonics for Defence and Security. Proc SPIE 5990, Optically Based Materials and Optically Based Biological and Chemical Sensing for Defence II, Bruges, Belgium. 2005, 5990: 599006.

[11] [11] JOYCE D B, SCHMID F. Progress in the growth of large scale Ti∶sapphire crystals by the heat exchanger method (HEM) for petawatt class lasers［J］. Journal of Crystal Growth, 2010, 312(8): 1138-1141.

[12] [12] NING K J, LIU Y C, MA J, et al. Growth and characterization of large-scale Ti∶sapphire crystal using heat exchange method for ultra-fast ultra-high-power lasers［J］. CrystEngComm, 2015, 17(14): 2801-2805.

[13] [13] DONG J, DENG P Z. Ti∶sapphire crystal used in ultrafast lasers and amplifiers［J］. Journal of Crystal Growth, 2004, 261(4): 514-519.

[14] [14] NIZHANKOVSKIY S V, DAN’KO A Y, KRIVONOSOV E V, et al. Growth of large Ti∶ sapphire crystals by horizontal directional solidification in argon atmosphere［J］. Inorganic Materials, 2010, 46(1): 35-37.

[15] [15] NEHARI A, BRENIER A, PANZER G, et al. Ti-doped sapphire (Al2O3) single crystals grown by the Kyropoulos technique and optical characterizations［J］. Crystal Growth & Design, 2011, 11(2): 445-448.

[16] [16] ALOMBERT-GOGET G, SEN G, PEZZANI C, et al. Large Ti-doped sapphire single crystals grown by the Kyropoulos technique for petawatt power laser application［J］. Optical Materials, 2016, 61: 21-24.

[17] [17] ALOMBERT-GOGET G, GUYOT Y, NEHARI A, et al. Scattering defect in large diameter titanium-doped sapphire crystals grown by the Kyropoulos technique［J］. CrystEngComm, 2018, 20(4): 412-419.

[18] [18] STELIAN C, ALOMBERT-GOGET G, SEN G, et al. Interface effect on titanium distribution during Ti-doped sapphire crystals grown by the Kyropoulos method［J］. Optical Materials, 2017, 69: 73-80.

[19] [19] GHEZAL E A, LI H, NEHARI A, et al. Effect of pulling rate on bubbles distribution in sapphire crystals grown by the micropulling down (μ-PD) technique［J］. Crystal Growth & Design, 2012, 12(8): 4098-4103.

[20] [20] LI H, GHEZAL E A, ALOMBERT-GOGET G, et al. Qualitative and quantitative bubbles defects analysis in undoped and Ti-doped sapphire crystals grown by Czochralski technique［J］. Optical Materials, 2014, 37: 132-138.

[21] [21] LI H, GHEZAL E A, NEHARI A, et al. Bubbles defects distribution in sapphire bulk crystals grown by Czochralski technique［J］. Optical Materials, 2013, 35(5): 1071-1076.