Fig. 1. Pure CNGS crystal and Nd∶CNGS crystal grown by Czochralski method. (a) Pure CNGS crystal; (b) Nd∶CNGS crystal

Fig. 2. Schematic of Nd∶CNGS crystal laser experiment

Fig. 3. Structure of CNGS crystal. (a) Three-dimensional structure observed along a-axis; (b) two-dimensional lamellar structure containing Nb_0.68Ga_0.32O₆ and CaO₆ hexahedra observed along c-axis; (c) two-dimensional lamellar structure containing SiO₄ and GaO₄ tetrahedra observed along c-axis

Fig. 4. Test results of refractive index. (a) CNGS crystal; (b) Nd∶CNGS crystal

Fig. 5. Spectra of Nd∶CNGS crystals. (a) Absorption spectrum along b-axis; (b) absorption spectrum along c-axis; (c) emission spectrum along b-axis; (d) emission spectrum along c-axis

Fig. 6. Fluorescence decay curves of Nd∶CNGS crystals. (a) Along b-axis; (b) along c-axis

Fig. 7. Emission cross section of Nd∶CNGS crystal at 1064 nm

Fig. 8. Laser properties of Nd∶CNGS crystals along different directions. (a) Laser output and (b) output spectrum of b-cut Nd∶CNGS crystal; (c) laser output and (d) output spectrum of c-cut Nd∶CNGS crystal