Fig. 1. (Color online) Perovskite materials with dimensional diversity (0D,1D, 2D/quasi-2D, and 3D). Reproduced with permission^[11]. Copyright 2019, Elsevier.

Fig. 2. (Color online) Applications of perovskite materials. Reproduced with permission^[12], Copyright 2023, Nature Publishing Group.

Fig. 3. (Color online) Overview of the development of metal halide perovskite lasers. Reproduced with permission^[15], Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society.

Fig. 4. (Color online) (a) Schematic of the chiral microlaser architecture. (b) The PL spectra of the CsPbBr₃ MR, measured with L- and R-CP polarizers. (c) Pump-power-dependent PL intensity and FWHM of the device. (d) Measured CPL spectra of the composite device above the threshold. (e) Tunable lasing spectrum of CsPbCl_xBr_3−x MRs. (f) Measured CPL spectra of the CsPbCl₃ composite device above the threshold. (g) Operational stability demonstrates the aging of lasing intensity under continuous excitation from a pumped-pulse laser in ambient conditions. (h) Measured g_lum spectra of L- and R-CPL after one month at room temperature and about 60% RH in ambient conditions. Fig. 4(a)−4(h) are reproduced with permission^[34], Copyright 2024, The Authors.

Fig. 5. (Color online) (a)−(c) Characteristics of external-cavity-free flexible perovskite lasers. (a) Beam profile image of the flexible perovskite laser. (b) Emission spectra at various pump fluences. (c) The intensity and FWHM of emission spectra under a range of pump fluences. Fig. 5(a)−5(c) are reproduced with permission^[38], Copyright 2023, Wiley-VCH GmbH. (d) Spatially resolved emission spectra of the waveguide at 1.2P_th (300 μJ∙cm⁻²). (e) Averaged emission spectrum across the center (0 ± 2 μm) and edge (6 ± 1 μm) of the waveguide at the same pumping powers as in Fig. 5(d). The inset in Fig. 5(e) displays a magnified view of the main peak with the fitted Gaussian curve. Fig. 5(d) and 5(e) are reproduced with permission^[41], Copyright 2024, Nature Publishing Group. (f) Schematic cross-section of the vertical transparent PeLED, with SAM, M, and BCP representing self-assembled monolayer, metal, and bathocuproine, respectively. (g) Top-view SEM analysis of the perovskite emitting layer. (h) Output light intensity as a function of the input laser fluence (I_opt,ns) or an equivalent peak laser power (P_peak). Fig. 5(f)−5(h) are reproduced with permission^[44], Copyright 2024, Nature Publishing Group.