Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of OAMM-eCDI. (a) Optical path of MPLTC vortex illumination imaging. (b) Iterative process of the vortex multiplexing phase retrieval algorithm.

Fig. 2. Schematic of the OAMM-eCDI experimental setup. (a) The module for generating MPLTC vortex beams. (b) The module of multiplexed complex amplitude imaging. (c) The recorded diffraction pattern and illumination sequence. P, pinhole; L, lens; HWP, half-wave plate; PBS, polarization beam splitter; M, mirror; SLM, spatial light modulator; EP, encoding plate.

Fig. 3. Encoding plate and MPLTC vortex beams. (a) The amplitude and phase distribution of the encoding plate. (b) The recorded diffraction pattern of the 9 vortex beams after passing through the phase encoding plate. (c) The phase distribution of the area corresponding to the red dashed line in (a). (d) The amplitude and phase distribution of 9 vortex beams with different TC combinations.

Fig. 4. Measurement results of the dynamic sample. (a) Principle of the optical path in the experiment of dynamic sample imaging. (b) The amplitude and phase distributions of the moving sample retrieved by OAMM-eCDI, corresponding to 9 illumination light fields.

Fig. 5. Spatial resolution and phase measurement accuracy verification. (a) and (b) The retrieval results of the dynamic USAF 1951 resolution plate and phase step plate, respectively. (c) The enlarged pattern of the red box corresponding to the fifth frame in (a). (d) The retrieval result of the single-mode calculation corresponding to the fifth frame in (a). (e) The one-dimensional intensity curve for the fifth element of the fifth group in the single-mode and multi-mode cases, respectively.

Fig. 6. The impact of high-topological-charge vortices on retrieval results. (a) The amplitude and phase ground truth of the sample. (b) The phase information of the encoding plate. (c) The diffraction pattern recorded by the detector. (d) The retrieval amplitude of the sample illuminated by different OAM modes. (e) The retrieval phase of sample corresponding to different frames in (d). (f) One-dimensional intensity curves corresponding to the dotted line in (d). (g) The one-dimensional phase curves corresponding to the dotted line in (e).

Fig. 7. Flow chart of the iteration calculation process of the vortex multiplexing phase retrieval algorithm.

Fig. 8. Simulation results and error analysis of MPLTC vortex conditions. (a) The retrieval amplitude of the sample illuminated by different OAM modes. (b) The retrieval phase of the sample corresponding to different frames in (a). (c) One-dimensional intensity and phase curves corresponding to the dotted line in the illustration, which corresponds to the enlarged view of the red box in (a) and (b). (d) The error curves of MPLTC and SPHTC vortex conditions.