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Acta Optica Sinica, Volume. 45, Issue 13, 1306006(2025)

Review on Development and Application of Optical Wireless Communication Security Technology (Invited)

Lei Guo1, Weiyu Zhou1, Tingwei Wu1,2、*, Ruijie Zhu3, Song Song1, and Lun Zhao1
Author Affiliations
  • 1School of Communications and Information Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China
  • 2School of Cyber Security and Information Law, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China
  • 3School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
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    AbstractGet PDF(in Chinese)
    Figures&Tables (13)
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    References (151)
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    Figures & Tables(13)
    FSO system block diagram

    Fig. 1. FSO system block diagram

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    VLC system schematic

    Fig. 2. VLC system schematic

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    UOWC system schematic

    Fig. 3. UOWC system schematic

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    Three-dimensional phase diagrams based on Lorenz and Rössler chaotic systems. (a) Lorenz; (b) Rössler

    Fig. 4. Three-dimensional phase diagrams based on Lorenz and Rössler chaotic systems. (a) Lorenz; (b) Rössler

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    Diffraction fractal space division multiplexing conceptual graph in optical wireless communication[67]

    Fig. 5. Diffraction fractal space division multiplexing conceptual graph in optical wireless communication[67]

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    BB84 QKD protocol[76]. (a) Example of Alice's qubit preparation; (b) simplified detection configuration at the receiver in BB84 QKD protocol

    Fig. 6. BB84 QKD protocol[76]. (a) Example of Alice's qubit preparation; (b) simplified detection configuration at the receiver in BB84 QKD protocol

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    RIS-assisted combined relay system[95]

    Fig. 7. RIS-assisted combined relay system[95]

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    Parallel RF-FSO architecture[107]

    Fig. 8. Parallel RF-FSO architecture[107]

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    Hybrid RF-FSO physical layer security model[108]

    Fig. 9. Hybrid RF-FSO physical layer security model[108]

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    UAVs OWC network structure diagram[126]

    Fig. 10. UAVs OWC network structure diagram[126]

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    Various scenarios for laser communication links[135]

    Fig. 11. Various scenarios for laser communication links[135]

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    OWC civil field application scenarios. (a) Medical pacemaker[19]; (b) vehicle-to-everything[141]; (c) smart home[145]; (d) underwater sensor network[75]

    Fig. 12. OWC civil field application scenarios. (a) Medical pacemaker[19]; (b) vehicle-to-everything[141]; (c) smart home[145]; (d) underwater sensor network[75]

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    • Table 1. Characteristics analysis of different communication technologies under different encryption schemes

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      Table 1. Characteristics analysis of different communication technologies under different encryption schemes

      TechnologyFiber optic communicationRFOWC （FSO）
      Optical chaos encryptionAdvantages： high-precision synchronization with low loss fiber for high securityChallenges： attenuation needs to be compensated synchronously over long distances‒Advantages： flexible free-space deployment enables high-strength encryption using optical chaosChallenges： atmospheric turbulence/scattering disrupts synchronization and requires dynamic compensation of high complexity
      Optical fractal codingAdvantages： low-loss fiber supports complex fractal structure coding， strong anti-noise ability and guarantee signal integrityChallenges： preprocessing for fiber nonlinear effects is required‒Advantages： fractal self-similarity mitigates random atmospheric attenuation， offers strong anti-noise， and has low synchronization requirementsChallenges： atmospheric turbulence causes fluctuations in light intensity， requiring real-time correction
      OCDMAAdvantages： high bandwidth and low loss support multi-user secure CDMAChallenges： chip synchronization is sensitive to delay jitter； Multiple Access Interference increases with the number of users‒Advantages： multi-users share free space channel， improve spectral efficiency and securityChallenges： atmosphere causes chip delay spread， and the background light noise increases the difficulty of detection
      QKDAdvantages： theoretically unconditional security and supports long-distance key distributionChallenges： single-photon detection is susceptible to optical fiber loss and noise， which leads to high cost and complex deployment‒Advantages： high level of security and ability to transcend geographic restrictionsChallenges： atmospheric decoherence distorts quantum states， requires high sensitivity detection and is greatly affected by weather
      Spread spectrum techniques （DS/FH）‒Advantages： DS can resistmultipath/ narrowbandinterference； FH can avoidfixed frequency frequenciesChallenges： FH sync isaffected by Doppler shiftAdvantages： DS resists atmospheric multipath； FH avoids absorption bandsChallenges： optical DS implementation is complex； FH speed is limited by device， and weather impacts frequency hopping effect
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    Lei Guo, Weiyu Zhou, Tingwei Wu, Ruijie Zhu, Song Song, Lun Zhao. Review on Development and Application of Optical Wireless Communication Security Technology (Invited)[J]. Acta Optica Sinica, 2025, 45(13): 1306006

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    Paper Information

    Category: Fiber Optics and Optical Communications

    Received: Mar. 24, 2025

    Accepted: May. 19, 2025

    Published Online: Jul. 15, 2025

    The Author Email: Tingwei Wu (wutw@cqupt.edu.cn)

    DOI:10.3788/AOS250789

    CSTR:32393.14.AOS250789

    Topics

    laser devices and laser physics
    Lasers and Laser Optics
    Laser physics
    laser manufacturing
    Instrumentation, Measurement and Metrology