Fig. 1. Principle of wide-field high-resolution imaging systems. (a) Single-device scanning systems, including rotational and translational scanning systems; (b) multi-chip mosaic system; (c) multi-camera array systems, including planar, curved, and unstructured configurations; (d) multi-scale imaging system

Fig. 2. GigaPan panoramic imaging system and stitching panoramagram^[18]

Fig. 3. Single-device scanning imaging system^[19]. (a) PixOrb mount; (b) Meade LX200 telescope mount; (c) panoramic image of Seattle skyline

Fig. 4. Jilin-1 platform 02A02 satellite and captured image (Doha, Qatar) ^[4]

Fig. 5. Large-format scanning camera developed by Microsoft Research Asia^[20]. (a) Structural configuration of the camera assembly; (b) application in cultural heritage preservation (a high-fidelity imaging system for digitizing historical artifacts)

Fig. 6. MOA-cam3 system architecture and synthesized images^[21]. (a) Photo of MOA-cam3; (b) photo of CCD array mounted on the AIN plate; (c) synthesized 10-chip images of the Large Magellanic Cloud taken by MOA-cam3

Fig. 7. Kepler space telescope CCD sensor array and observation field^[22]. (a) Kepler's image sensor array; (b) a photo taken by Kepler telescope with two regions of interest outlined, and celestial north is towards the lower left corner

Fig. 8. Focal plane of the LSST^[25]

Fig. 9. JWST NIRCam instrumentation ^[28]. (a) NIRCam near-infrared detector; (b) NIRCam mid-infrared detector; (c)(d) near-infrared detector array configuration

Fig. 10. ARGUS-IS system and its imaging principle^[30]. (a) Schematic diagram of the wide field-of-view imaging principle of ARGUS-IS system; (b) ARGUS-IS sensor system; (c) the system consists of four co-aligned imaging modules sharing a common primary lens, each module contains 92 sensor chips arranged in a checkerboard pattern to minimize overlap of inactive regions between adjacent pixels, and this complementary arrangement between active and inactive regions enables seamless full coverage of the target area through image stitching

Fig. 11. Schematics of multi-aperture imaging technology^[31]. (a) Conventional single-aperture imaging system; (b) 3×3 multi-aperture imaging system; (c) 5×5 multi-aperture multi-scale imaging architecture

Fig. 12. Planar camera array system. (a) Stanford's compact planar configuration employing telephoto lenses for high-resolution acquisition^[32-33]; (b) Tokyo university's TransCAIP^[34] (translational camera array imaging platform)

Fig. 13. Planar multi-device imaging system^[35]

Fig. 14. Wide-angle imaging configuration of bionic dual-mode compound vision system^[36-37]

Fig. 15. Mechanical structure of Panoptic and omnidirectional image^[39]. (a) Panoptic system with 7 layers and 13 cm diameter hemisphere structure with 30 embedded cameras; (b) Panoptic system's omnidirectional view represented on a sphere

Fig. 16. OMNI-R and GigaEye-1 systems and corresponding imaging results^[41-42]. (a) OMNI-R system; (b) omni-directional single frame obtained by OMNI-R system at 2.16×10⁷ pixel resolution and 30 frame/s; (c) GigaEye-1 system; (d) static scene imaging performance of GigaEye-1; (e) dynamic scene imaging performance of GigaEye-1

Fig. 17. GigaEye-2 system and imaging effect^[43]. (a) 3D model of the GigaEye-2 system; (b) physical diagram of the GigaEye-2 system; (c) a high-resolution panoramic frame with three selected regions of interest shown in full resolution

Fig. 18. Artificial compound eye system diagram and imaging effect^[45]. (a) Artificial compound eye system; (b) system imaging effect

Fig. 19. Evryscope system and imaging effect^[46-47]. (a) Physical system; (b) cutaway view of the Evryscope showing the internal structure of the telescope; (c) a full Evryscope image; (d) partial detail covering approximately 1% of the Evryscope's FOV

Fig. 20. Artificial compound eye system and imaging effect^[49]

Fig. 21. Geometrically curved artificial compound eye imaging system^[48,50]. (a) Prototype implementation; (b) primary image acquired by the system; (c) computationally stitched output with restoration enhancement

Fig. 22. Structure of bio-inspired compound eye optical systems^[53-54]. (a) First-generation system; (b) second-generation compact system

Fig. 23. Prototype implementations and imaging characterization^[55-56]. (a) Composite biomimetic imaging prototype; (b) multi-scale artificial compound eye system; (c) image stitching results [dashed regions correspond to C12, C21, C23, C32 coverage in Fig. 23(a)]; (d) central FOV super-resolution analysis comparing four super-resolution images with original image; (e) mosaiced multi-resolution images from far-field experiments

Fig. 24. Imaging system and effect with geometrically-curved, non-uniformly distributed camera array^[57]. (a) Computational model; (b) engineered prototype; (c) acquired images demonstrating 150°×40° coverage, featuring zoomed regions at different resolution levels (LR: low resolution; HR: high resolution; SR: super-resolved reconstruction)

Fig. 25. The UnstructuredCam^[5]. (a) UnsturctureCam module, consisting of a global camera and multiple local cameras; (b) schematic of system consisting of multiple subarrays; (c) ​gigapixel-scale video frame captured by the array, the red and blue frames on the top left represent the distributions of the global and local cameras

Fig. 26. Anktech's computational imaging products and representative applications. (a) Mantis series; (b) Bumblebee series; (c) exemplary deployment cases

Fig. 27. Gigapixel system and imaging performance^[2]. (a) System photo; (b) a 1.6 gigapixel image whose resolution is 65000 pixel×25000 pixel, and the scene occupies a 104°×40° FOV

Fig. 28. AWARE-2 system architecture and imaging effect^[59]. (a) An exploded view of the AWARE-2 prototype, showcasing the primary components [the objective lens (lower left), the dome (gray in the center), and microcamera array (green barrels and purple lenses)]; (b) microcamera optics in the mounting dome; (c) primary optical assembly of the system; (d) AWARE-2 system during assembly; (e) sample imaging results captured by the AWARE-2 system

Fig. 29. AWARE-10 system architecture and imaging effect^[60]. (a) Three-dimensional rendering of the AWARE-10 system, where the purple ball in the front is the objective, and the green cylinders are microcameras; (b) internal assembly of the AWARE-10 system, including the G1 and G2 modules with microcameras, where the G2 module and mounting brackets are integrated with a recirculating water-cooling loop for thermal management; (c) magnified view of acquired imagery demonstrating spatial resolution; (d) field deployment configuration during outdoor testing; (e)‒(g) maritime targets imaged during open-water experiments, including a duck boat (4 m characteristic broadside dimension), a fishing boat (7 m), and a crab boat (10 m)

Fig. 30. AWARE-40 wide-area imaging system and acquired results^[61]. (a) Internal configuration of the AWARE-40 prototype; (b) field deployment photograph of the AWARE-40 system; (c) panoramic image captured by the AWARE-40 system; (d)‒(i) magnified region-of-interest (ROI) demonstrating spatial resolution

Fig. 31. Three-dimensional optical architecture of a concentric multiscale aerial photogrammetric system^[65]

Fig. 32. Distributed zoom-enabled concentric multiscale optical system and imaging effect^[67]. (a) Optical path design of the system; (b) prototype model schematic; (c) photograph of the physical system; (d) independent sensor imaging effect; (e) heterogeneous-scale image synthesis results

Fig. 33. Integrated optical system physical assembly and tiled imaging effect^[69]. (a) Integrated optical system architecture; (b) 3×3 sub-aperture stitching outcomes

Fig. 34. Heterogeneous-scale wide-FOV computational imaging system structure and imaging effect^[71]. (a)(b) Objective lens group; (c) curved mounting substrate; (d) camera array housing; (e) unit camera deployment scheme; (f) multi-resolution output imagery

Fig. 35. Snapshot hyperspectral volumetric microscopy (SHVM) and real-time ultra-large-scale high-resolution microscopic imaging (RUSH) systems^[7,72]. (a) SHVM system architecture; (b) RUSH system with in vivo brain-wide imaging of a mouse

Fig. 36. Bio-inspired hybrid imaging system combining fisheye and compound-eye architectures^[74]. (a) Optomechanical design; (b) system setup with an array of 1×9 microcameras captured at distance of 7.4 km; (c) system setup with an array of 3×3 microcameras captured at distance of 7.4 km; (d) imaging effect with an array of 1×9 microcameras; (e) panoramic image from a 3×3 array system

Fig. 37. Schematic diagrams of cascade optical systems and corresponding light paths^[76-77]. (a) Cascaded optical imaging system; (b) multi-channel imaging optical path of the cascaded system; (c) optical path with concentric spherical lenses; (d) folded objective subsystem; (e) single-channel imaging optical path of the folded cascaded system; (f) multi-channel folded cascaded optical architecture