Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of 3D-HDC-Unet model structure

Fig. 2. Dot product operation diagram of 3D convolution with input voxel block. (a) Original 3D convolution operation; (b) 2-dilated 3D convolution operation

Fig. 3. Hybrid dilated convolutional residual module

Fig. 4. Sketch map of input images sub-sampling and HDC receptive fieldNote:In layer 3 4 5, the size of images is enlarged to scale for better demonstration.

Fig. 5. Effect of γ on attenuated loss

Fig. 6. 5-fold cross-validation

Fig. 7. 3D-HDC-Unet test set DSC box diagram

Fig. 8. Algorithm flowchart and image processing results of each stage

Fig. 9. Segmentation result diagram