Fig. 1. Star trail breakage dule to threshold segmentation

Fig. 2. Comparison of transient spots and star streak

Fig. 3. Model of star steak key point

Fig. 4. Schematic diagram of key point network

Fig. 5. Star sensor coordinate system and two rotation methods

Fig. 6. Four kinds of motion trajectory simulation of star streak

Fig. 7. Schematic of exponential tail of CIS dark current induced by proton and neutron irradiation^［29］

Fig. 8. Unified exponential distribution of dark current increase induced by displacement damage across different particles and devices^［30］

Fig. 9. Estimation result of semi-empirical function

Fig. 10. Dark current in different regions under different protons irradiation

Fig. 11. Energy distribution of PKAs for 10 MeV and 80 MeV proton

Fig. 12. Comparison between experimental and fitted dark current increase distributions

Fig. 13. On-site setup for online irradiation

Fig. 14. Example of dynamic irradiation simulated star map

Fig. 15. Variation of centroid deviation and miss rate with combined angular velocity respctively

Fig. 16. Variation of centroid deviation and miss rate with magnitude

Fig. 17. Variation of centroid deviation and miss rate with proton fluence

Fig. 18. Schematic diagram of dynamic star streak under nuclear scattering noise

Fig. 19. Principle diagram of centroid deviation in dynamic frames obtained by translating A₂B₂

Fig. 20. Variation of centroid deviation in real dynamic irradiation star maps with angular velocity

Fig. 21. Real-captured dynamic irradiation star map at 7.5 （°）/s angular velocity

Fig. 22. Star streak slice extracted from Fig.21

Fig. 23. Model heatmap response to complex-condition star maps