Fig. 1. SERS nanomaterials in various dimensions and their applications^[30]

Fig. 2. TEM images and UV-vis spectra of 0D SERS nanomaterials applied in SERS-ICA. (a) Gold nanostars^[32]; (b) Au@Ag nanoparticles^[33]; (c) Ag@ SiO₂ nanoparticles^[34]; (d) Fe₃O₄@Au MNPs^[23]

Fig. 3. Characterization of 1D SERS nanomaterials applied in SERS-ICA. (a) TEM image of Au NPs^[36]; (b) UV-vis spectra and (c) Raman spectra of Au NRs with different aspect ratios^[36]; (d) TEM image and (e) normalized extinction spectra of GERTs^[37]; (f) SEM image of CNTs/AgNPs^[38]

Fig. 4. Characterization of 2D SERS nanomaterials applied in SERS-ICA. (a) TEM image and (b) EDX spectrum of TiC/Au-NPs^[40]; (c) TEM image and (d) UV-vis spectra of GO@Au nanosheets^[41]; (e) TEM of MXene/MoS₂@Au NPs^[42]

Fig. 5. Characterization of 3D SERS nanomaterials applied in SERS-ICA. (a) TEM image, (b) elemental mapping image, and (c) simulation model of GO@Au/Ag^[44]; (d) TEM image and (e) Raman spectra of GO@Au/Au nanosheets^[45]; (f) TEM iamge of 3D-MoS₂ nanoflowers^[46]

Fig. 6. Schematic of SERS-ICA for the detection of IL-6 and PCT^[47]. (a) Preparation of SERS tags and assemblely of strips; (b) detection principle of SERS-ICA in the presence and absent of IL-6 and PCT

Fig. 7. Schematic of SERS-ICA for bacteria detection. (a) Detection of Escherichia coliO157∶H7 via SERS probe based on hierarchical flowerlike Au NPs^[48]; (b) detection of Yersinia pestis, Francisella tularensis, and Bacillus anthracis via SERS probe based on colloidal Au NPs^[49]; (c) detection of Escherichia coliO157∶H7via SERS probe based on SiO₂@Au NPs^[50]; (d) detection of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coliO157∶H7, and Salmonella typhimurium via SERS probe based on GO@Au nanosheets^[41]

Fig. 8. Schematic of SERS-ICA for virus detection. (a) Dual-mode SERS-ICA for simultaneous detection of H1N1 and SARS-CoV-2 virus ^[53]; (b) detection of H1N1 virus and adenoviruses via magnetic SERS tags based on Fe₃O₄@Ag^[54]; (c) detection of fumonisin B1, aflatoxin B1, and zearalenone via 3D nanosheets tags based on GO@Au^[45]; (d) detection of six mycotoxins via multiplex SERS-ICA strips^[55]

Fig. 9. Schematic of SERS-ICA for the detection of nucleic acids. (a) SERS-ICA for the detection of HIV-1 based on MGITC-Au NPs^[58]; (b) SERS-based lateral flow microarray for the detection of respiratory tract infections^[59]; (c) CRISPR-Cas12a-based SERS-ICA for the detection of HIV-1^[61]

Fig. 10. Schematic of SERS-ICA for protein detection. (a) Simultaneous analysis of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM/IgG via the SERS-ICA based on SiO₂@Ag^[63]; (b) detection of cancer marker antigens via portable SERS-ICA reader based on multichannel ICA reaction column^[65]