Fig. 1. Basic components of NIF's one beampath^[3]

Fig. 2. Target alignment and beam-target coupling diagram

Fig. 3. Target chamber coordinate system

Fig. 4. Viewing coordinate system

Fig. 5. Target coordinate system

Fig. 6. Beampath coordinate system

Fig. 7. Components and their baseline in target chamber

Fig. 8. Baselines intersect at a point (top view)

Fig. 9. Problems caused by large deviations between the base axis. (a) Target alignment error caused by the deviation of the optical axis of target viewing system; (b) nonlinear adjustment of the target position caused by the deviation of the motion axis of the target positioner; (c) optical path difference from each beampaths caused by the deviation of the baseline of the beampath adjustment system

Fig. 10. Coordinate system coupling process of target alignment

Fig. 11. Incident beam is matched to the target coordinate system

Fig. 12. Target alignment and viewing instrument of SHIVA^[9]

Fig. 13. SHIVA beam-target coupling detecting system^[10]

Fig. 14. SHIVA target alignment and beam-target coupling scheme

Fig. 15. Spatial layout of OMEGA's Target Viewing System and beam-target coupling alignment system. (a) Spacial layout of Target Viewing System^[14]; (b) beam-target coupling alignment system^[6]

Fig. 16. OMEGA target alignment and beam-target coupling scheme

Fig. 17. OMEGA-EP target chamber beam path (top view)^[6]

Fig. 18. Schematic of Parabola Alignment Diagnostic (PAD) on a Ten-Inch Manipulator (TIM)^[6]

Fig. 19. Top view of NIF target chamber, target positioner, auxiliary alignment system (CCRS), as well as schematic diagram and photo of TAS. (a) Top view^[4]; (b) schematic^[24]; (c) photo^[24]

Fig. 20. NIF target alignment and beam-target coupling scheme

Fig. 21. Advanced Tracking Laser Alignment System (ATLAS) on the NIF-ARC Target chamber and reflectors on the Target and Diagnostic Manipulator (TanDM). (a) ATLAS^[29]; (b) reflectors^[29]

Fig. 22. Target alignment (coarse aligning) and beam- target coupling detecting system on Astra-Gemini^[37]

Fig. 23. Interferometer for a target positioning device on an Astra-Gemini facility^[37]

Fig. 24. Reflection reference on LIL positioner^[39]

Fig. 25. LIL integrated surrogate target^[39]

Fig. 26. Three sets of viewing systems(SOPAC) (blue field of view) in LMJ's target chamber, target with 4 aligning fiducials and its pattern in the viewing system. (a) Viewing systems^[45]; (b) target (top)^[41] and pattern in the viewing system (bottom)^[41]

Fig. 27. LMJ integrated surrogate target-Common Reference (CR)^[45]

Fig. 28. LMJ target alignment and beam-target coupling scheme

Fig. 29. Target viewing system in target chamber of SG-II^[50]

Fig. 30. Schematic of SG-II's beam-target coupling^[50]

Fig. 31. Auxiliary alignment system (CCRS) in target chamber and the viewing system TAS (left)^[51] that can extend into the vicinity of the center of target chamber, the structure diagram of the target alignment sensor TAS (middle)^[51], and the ninth beampath auxiliary alignment system AAS (bottom)^[52]

Fig. 32. SG-II-U target alignment and beam-target coupling scheme

Fig. 33. Alignment metrology tool of NIF (left)^[24] and fiducial structure of alignment metrology tool in the view of CCRS (right top)^[24]

Fig. 34. Center chamber axis reference (RAX) of LMJ (left)^[54] and fiducial structure of RAX in the view of SOPAC (right top)^[54]

Fig. 35. NIF's beam-target coupling diagram on the view of TAS^[25]. (a) Beam is aligned correctly if the target is aligned; (b) in the case where the target is aligned, the beam pointing is drifted; (c) when the position of the target and the beam are directed correctly, the focus of the beam is shifted

Fig. 36. General solution of target alignment and beam-target coupling

Fig. 37. Classification of target alignment and beam-target coupling

Fig. 38. Target alignment scheme