Research Progress of Mid-Infrared Rare Earth Ion-Doped Fiber Lasers at 3 μm

Fig. 5. 3 μm mode-locked Ho3+/Pr3+ co-doped fiber laser based on NPR technique[134]. (a) Structure of laser; (b) optical spectra of 3 μm mode-locked fiber laser; (c) pulse train of 3 μm mode-locked fiber laser after autocorrelation

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Fig. 6. Composition of 3 μm miniaturized wavelength-tunable mid-infrared fiber laser. (a) Photograph of laser; (b) structural diagram of laser; (c) photograph of fiber end-facet mirror M1; (d) microscopic image of fiber end-facet mirror M2; (e) optical transmission spectrum of fiber end-facet mirror

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Fig. 7. Structure and principle of loss-adjusting device. (a) Loss-adjusting device; (b) large loss; (c) moderate loss; (d) low loss

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Fig. 8. Experimental results of 3 μm wavelength-tunable all-fiber laser under continuous light running. (a) Output optical spectrum of mid-infrared laser (Inset is zoom-in view of 3 mm laser spectrum); (b) wavelength-tunable spectra of 3 μm laser

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Fig. 9. Characteristics of 3 μm self-Q-switching operation at pump power of 207.7 mW. (a) Output optical spectrum (inset: a zoom-in view of 3 μm laser spectrum); (b) pulse sequence (inset: single pulse envelope)

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Fig. 10. Research on the 3 μm wavelength-tunable self-Q-switched fiber laser at a fixed pump power of 207.7 mW. (a) Wavelength-tunable spectra of 3 μm fiber laser; (b) pulse width, repetition rate, and average output power at different tunable wavelengths (inset: self-Q-switching pulse sequence at 2943 nm)

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Table 1. Typical reports on improvement of output power of 3-μm fiber lasers

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Table 1. Typical reports on improvement of output power of 3-μm fiber lasers

Year	Gain ion	Pumpwavelength /nm	Outputpower /W	Slopeefficiency /%	Laserwavelength / μm	Reference
1988	Er³⁺	476.5	-	-	2.7	[7]
1990	Er³⁺	792	330×10^-6	3	2.71-2.78	[10]
1995	Er³⁺	791	158×10^-3	22.6	2.71	[21]
1999	Er³⁺/Pr³⁺	790	1.7	17.3	2.71	[29]
2004	Er³⁺	976	3.5	-	2.8	[39]
2007	Er³⁺	975	9	21.3	2.785	[41]
2009	Er³⁺	975	24	14.5	2.8	[47]
2015	Er³⁺	980	30.5	16	2.938×10^-3	[64]
2018	Er³⁺	980	41.6	22.9	2.824×10^-3	[91]
1990	Ho³⁺	640	12.6×10^-3	4.4	2.83-2.95	[102]
1999	Ho³⁺	1150	1.4	30	-	[105]
2004	Ho³⁺	1100	2.5	29	2.86	[109]
2015	Ho³⁺	1150	7.2	29	2.83×10^-3-2.98×10^-3	[130]
2003	Dy³⁺	1100	0.275	4.5	2.9	[153]
2006	Dy³⁺	1300	0.18	20	2.96	[154]
2018	Dy³⁺	2830	1.06	73	3.15	[162]
2019	Dy³⁺	2830	10.1	58	3.24	[165]

Table 2. Typical reports on 3 μm Q-switched fiber lasers

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Table 2. Typical reports on 3 μm Q-switched fiber lasers

Year	Gain ion	Average outputpower /mW	Minimum pulseduration /ns	Laserwavelength /nm	Q-switch	Reference
1994	Er³⁺	0.5	100	2700	AOM	[15]
2011	Er³⁺	12400	90	2800	AOM	[52]
2012	Ho³⁺/Pr³⁺	720	78	2867	AOM	[118]
2012	Ho³⁺	-	380	3005	AOM	[119]
2012	Ho³⁺	-	350	3002	AOM	[120]
2013	Ho³⁺	685	300	2970-3015	AOM	[126]
2012	Er³⁺	318	370	2780	Fe²⁺∶ZnSe	[55]
2013	Er³⁺	62	2900	2783	Grapnene	[58]
2015	Er³⁺	485	1180	2779	Black phosphorus	[68]
2015	Ho³⁺	327.4	1370	2979.9	Bi₂Te₃	[133]
2015	Ho³⁺	337	1230	2919.1-3004.2	Fe²⁺∶ZnSe	[132]
2016	Er³⁺	4200	2290	2786.8	SESAM	[77]
2016	Er³⁺	856	1300	2791.2	Bi₂Te₃	[80]
2016	Er³⁺	822	742	2780	Fe²⁺∶ZnSe	[82]
2016	Ho³⁺	308.7	2410	2970.3	Black phosphorus	[135]
2016	Ho³⁺/Pr³⁺	48.4	1730	286.7	WS₂	[136]
2017	Er³⁺	5160	400	2762.5-2852.5	Fe²⁺∶ZnSe	[90]
2018	Er³⁺	260	880	2762-2824	Bi₂Te₃	[94]
2019	Er³⁺	485	612	2780	Gold nanobipyramids	[101]
2018	Ho³⁺/Pr³⁺	21.5	2000	2864.2	Bi₂O₂Se	[148]
2019	Ho³⁺/Pr³⁺	30.8	2180	2834.5-2881.0	LAR-GNRs	[150]

Table 3. Typical reports on 3 μm mode-locked fiber lasers

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Table 3. Typical reports on 3 μm mode-locked fiber lasers

Year	Gain ion	Average outputpower /mW	Pulseduration /fs	Laserwavelength /nm	Mode-locker	Reference
2012	Er³⁺	51	19000	2780	Fe²⁺∶ZnSe	[56]
2012	Ho³⁺/Pr³⁺	132	24000	2870	SESAM	[122]
2014	Er³⁺	440	60000	2797	SESAM	[59]
2014	Ho³⁺/Pr³⁺	70	6000	2859.5	InAs	[128]
2015	Er³⁺	44	207	2805	NPR	[63]
2015	Er³⁺	206	497	2793	NPR	[65]
2015	Er³⁺	1000	25000	2780	SESAM	[69]
2016	Er³⁺	2000	160	2800-3600	NPR	[72]
2016	Er³⁺	613	42000	2783	Black phosphorus	[78]
2016	Er³⁺	18	42000	2784.5	Graphene	[83]
2016	Ho³⁺/Pr³⁺	327	180	2900	NPR	[134]
2016	Ho³⁺/Pr³⁺	87.8	8600	2866.7	Black phosphorus	[135]
2017	Ho³⁺/Pr³⁺	127.7	22000	2842.2-2876.2	SESAM	[142]
2017	Ho³⁺/Pr³⁺	-	70	2860	NPR	[143]
2018	Er³⁺	6.2	-	2771.1	Black phosphorus	[98]
2019	Er³⁺	-	270	2800	NPR	[71]
2019	Ho³⁺/Pr³⁺	300	4700	2860	FSF	[151]
2019	Dy³⁺	120	33000	2970-3300	FSF	[164]
2019	Dy³⁺	204	828	3083	NPR	[166]

Table 4. Typical reports on 3 μm gain-switched fiber lasers

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Table 4. Typical reports on 3 μm gain-switched fiber lasers

Year	Gain ion	Average outputpower /mW	Minimum pulseduration /ns	Pulseenergy /μJ	Laserwavelength /nm	Reference
2001	Er³⁺	-	200	1900	2700-2770	[35]
2011	Er³⁺	2000	307	-	About 2800	[51]
2012	Ho³⁺	-	270	6.1	3002	[120]
2014	Er³⁺	40	1180	4.2	About 2800	[61]
2017	Er³⁺	4800	230	37	2825.4	[86]
2017	Er³⁺	110	661.2	-	About 2800	[87]
2017	Er³⁺	119.4	1550	5.97	2699-2869.9	[89]
2017	Ho³⁺	262.14	824	3.28	2928.5	[141]
2018	Er³⁺	11200	170	80	2826	[97]
2018	Ho³⁺	389.3	1490	4.87	2895.5-3000.5	[146]
2019	Ho³⁺	136.6	2002	2.73	2971.9	[152]

Table 5. Reports on 3 μm wavelength-tunable fiber lasers

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Table 5. Reports on 3 μm wavelength-tunable fiber lasers

Year	Gain ion	Tuningrange	Outputpower /mW	Workingprincple	Operationmode	Reference
1992	Er³⁺	160 nm (2.67-2.83 μm)	26	Diffraction grating	CW	[175]
2000	Er³⁺	110 nm (2.7-2.81 μm)	30	Diffraction grating	CW	[34]
2007	Er³⁺	100 nm (2.705-2.805 μm)	2000	Diffraction grating	CW	[42]
2008	Er³⁺/Pr³⁺	100 nm (2.7-2.81 μm)	1000	Diffraction grating	CW	[43]
2010	Er³⁺	130 nm (2.71-2.84 μm)	11000	Diffraction grating	CW	[49]
2016	Er³⁺	157 nm (2697-2854 nm)	260	Diffraction grating	CW	[74]
2016	Er³⁺	62 nm (2762-2824 nm)	1240	Diffraction grating	Q-switching	[76]
2017	Er³⁺	107.6 nm (2706.2-2813.8 nm)	473.3	Diffraction grating	Gain-switching	[89]
2017	Er³⁺	100 nm (2.71-2.83 μm)	110	Diffraction grating	Gain-switching	[87]
2017	Er³⁺	90 nm (2762.5-2852.5 nm)	5160	Diffraction grating	Q-switching	[90]
1990	Ho³⁺	120 nm (2.83-2.95 μm)	12.6	Diffraction grating	CW	[102]
2011	Ho³⁺/Pr³⁺	75 nm (2.825-2.9 μm)	>1000	Diffraction grating	CW	[115]
2012	Ho³⁺	66 nm (2.955-3.021 μm)	518	Diffraction grating	CW	[121]
2013	Ho³⁺	81 nm (2.95-3.031 μm)	-	Diffraction grating	Q-switching	[126]
2015	Ho³⁺/Pr³⁺	150 nm (2825-2975 nm)	7200	Diffraction grating	CW	[130]
2015	Ho³⁺	85 nm (2919.1-3004.2 nm)	337	Diffraction grating	Q-switching	[132]
2017	Ho³⁺/Pr³⁺	34 nm (2824.2-2976.2 nm)	127.7	Diffraction grating	Mode-locking	[142]
2017	Ho³⁺/Pr³⁺	37 nm (2850-2887 nm)	290	Fiber Bragg grating	CW	[137]
2018	Ho³⁺	105 nm (2895.5-3000.5 nm)	389.3	Diffraction grating	Gain-switching	[146]
2019	Ho³⁺/Pr³⁺	50 nm (2.83-2.88 μm)	30.8	Diffraction grating	Q-switching	[150]
2016	Dy³⁺	400 nm (2.95-3.35 μm)	30	Diffraction grating	CW	[157]

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Weiwei Li, Xiaojin Zhang, Hang Wang, Zhengqian Luo. Research Progress of Mid-Infrared Rare Earth Ion-Doped Fiber Lasers at 3 μm[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 2019, 56(17): 170605

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Paper Information

Category: Fiber Optics and Optical Communications

Received: Jun. 3, 2019

Accepted: Jul. 10, 2019

Published Online: Sep. 5, 2019

The Author Email: Zhengqian Luo (zqluo@xmu.edu.cn)

DOI:10.3788/LOP56.170605

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laser devices and laser physics

Lasers and Laser Optics

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laser manufacturing

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