Chinese Journal of Lasers, Volume. 51, Issue 11, 1101016(2024)
Development of Airborne LiDAR Bathymetric Technology and Application
Figures & Tables(39)
Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of scanning receiving field of view and photo of CZMIL SuperNova
Fig. 6. Diagram of Mapper5000 model and sea-land topographic elevation model of Chilianyu island
Fig. 8. Photo of Mapper4000U mounted on drone and profile of measured 3D point clouds[26]
Fig. 12. Classification results of different sea-land waveform classification methods [38]
Fig. 17. Point cloud distribution and probability density function of Weihai bay and Ganquan island before and after correction for difference in slant distance[68]
Fig. 23. Photon distribution of underwater echoes in northwest Australia obtained by ICESat-2[96]
Fig. 24. Photon distribution of underwater echoes in Qiandao lake obtained by photon-counting laser bathymetric system[98]
Fig. 25. Multi-wavelength echo signals of water with different turbidities[99]. (a) Relative clear; (b) relative turbid
Fig. 26. Oculus system model and measurement of dual-wavelength echo waveform of water body[100]
Fig. 28. Signal to noise ratio of dual-wavelength echo signal obtained in different regions varies with depth[101]
Fig. 30. Vertical profile distribution of subsurface phytoplankton layer in coastal water along LiDAR flight track[102]
Fig. 35. Vertical distribution of water optical parameters and mass concentration of chlorophyll a[115]
Table 1. Main technical indexes of representative airborne LiDAR bathymetric systems
View tableTable 1. Main technical indexes of representative airborne LiDAR bathymetric systems
Technical index Airborne LiDAR bathymetric systems HawkEye-5 CZMIL SuperNova RAMMS Mapper-10K Laser wavelength 515 nm and 1064 nm 532 nm and 1064 nm 532 nm 532 nm and 1064 nm Shallow channel measurement rate 200 kHz 210 kHz ‒ ‒ Shallow channel maximum depth 3.2/Kd （substrate
reflectance ≥15%）
2.9/Kd （substrate
reflectance ≥15%）
‒ ‒ Shallow channel depth accuracy m （reliability of 95%）
（reliability of 95%）
‒ （reliability of 95%）
Shallow channel
horizontal accuracy
IHO special order （0.40+0.075z） m
（reliability of 95%）
‒ IHO special order Deep channel
measurement rate
40 kHz 30 kHz 25 kHz 10 kHz Deep channel
maximum depth
4/Kd （substrate
reflectance ≥15%）
4.4/Kd （substrate
reflectance ≥15%）
4/Kd 4.5/Kd （substrate
reflectance ≥15%）
Deep channel
depth accuracy
m （reliability of 95%）
m （reliability of 95%）
m （reliability of 95%）
m （reliability of 95%）
Deep channel horizontal accuracy （2.0+0.075z） m
（reliability of 95%）
（2.0+0.075z） m
（reliability of 95%）
IHO order 1 IHO order 1 Scanning angle ±14° （front/back） and
±20° （left/right）， 0.72 times
flight altitude （elliptical scanning）
0.72 times flight altitude
（circular scanning and angle
between laser beam and
vertical line is ±20°）
Flight altitude 0.53 times flight
altitude （elliptical
scanning）
Point density @height of 400 m and speed of
200 km/h
2.5 point/m2 （deep channel），
12.5 point/m2 （shallow channel），
and 31.3 points/m2 （land）
1.9 point/m2 （deep
channel）， 13.1 point/m2
（shallow channel）， and
15.0 point/m2 （land）
1.1 point/m2 0.8 point/m2 Dimension 480 mm×510 mm×640 mm
（shallow and land sensor heads），
435 mm×435 mm×600 mm （deep
sensor head）， 560 mm×540 mm×580 mm （shallow channel controller）， and 560 mm×540 mm×
580 mm （deep channel cooler）
890 mm×600 mm×900 mm
（sensor head） and
590 mm×565 mm×1060 mm
（control desk）
‒ 610 mm×410 mm×
446 mm （sensor
head） and 380 mm×
340 mm × 265 mm
（water cooler）
Weight 218 kg 270 kg 14 kg 100 kg Power consumption 2800 W 2380 W 280 W 1500 W
Table 2. Main technical indexes of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-borne LiDAR bathymetric systems
View tableTable 2. Main technical indexes of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-borne LiDAR bathymetric systems
Technical
index
UAV-borne LiDAR bathymetric systems Edge TDOT3 VQ-840-G Photon counting LiDAR Mapper-20kU Laser wavelength 532 nm 532 nm 532 nm and
near-infrared
532 nm 532 nm and
1064 nm
Measurement
rate
20 kHz 60 kHz 50‒200 kHz 500 kHz 20 kHz Maximum
depth
1.5 Secchi
depth
1.4 Secchi depth （reflectance
of 1.0， absorption coefficient
of 0.25）， 1.25 times depth
of Secchi disk （reflectance of
0.5， absorption coefficient of
0.25）， and 1 times Secchi disk
（reflectance of 0.2， absorption
coefficient of 0.25）
1.7， 1.8， 2.0， 2.2， and
2.5 Secchi depth （measurement rate
of 200， 100， 50， 5， and
0.5 kHz， respectively）
2 Secchi
depth
1.5 Secchi
depth
Flying altitude 20 m （marine
surveying
and mapping）
‒ 5‒150 m ‒ 5‒150 m Scanning
angle
±15° （line
scanning）
±45°（line scanning） ±20° （ellipse scanning） ±15°
（circle
scanning）
±20°
（ellipse
scanning）
Point density
@height of
20 m and speed
of 10 m/s
200 point/m2 150 point/m2 687 point/m2 @
measurement rate
of 100 kHz
200 point/m2 137 point/m2 Power
consumption
‒ ‒ 110 W ‒ 75 W Dimension 235 mm×
184 mm×
148 mm
270 mm×230 mm×150 mm 360 mm×285 mm×
200 mm
230 mm×
170 mm×
205 mm
270 mm×
188 mm×
154 mm
Weight 5 kg 2.7 kg 12 kg 5 kg 6 kg
Table 3. Comparison of classification results of different wavelengths[103]
View tableTable 3. Comparison of classification results of different wavelengths[103]
Parameter Wavelength of MSL 490 nm 530 nm 490 nm and 530 nm 460‒560 nm Accuracy /% 58.5 70.3 80.6 98.4 Kappa coefficient 0.526 0.661 0.779 0.982
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Yan He, Bangyi Tao, Jiayong Yu, Guangxiu Xu, Yifan Huang. Development of Airborne LiDAR Bathymetric Technology and Application[J]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 2024, 51(11): 1101016
Paper Information
Category: laser devices and laser physics
Received: Jan. 2, 2024
Accepted: Apr. 30, 2024
Published Online: Jun. 3, 2024
The Author Email: He Yan (heyan@siom.ac.cn)
CSTR:32183.14.CJL240437
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