Handwriting Alteration Detection with the Same Pen Using Reflectance Transformation Imaging Technique

Fig. 3. Test effect of strokes by ballpoint pen (first horizontal then vertical). (a) Micrography; (b) mirror reflection enhancement; (c) normal visualization

Download full size

Fig. 4. Test effect of strokes by ballpoint pen (first vertical then horizontal). (a) Micrography; (b) mirror reflection enhancement; (c) normal visualization

Download full size

Fig. 5. Test effect of strokes by fiber pen (first horizontal then vertical). (a) Micrography; (b) mirror reflection enhancement; (c) normal visualization

Download full size

Fig. 6. Test effect of strokes by fiber pen (first vertical then horizontal). (a) Micrography; (b) mirror reflection enhancement; (c) normal visualization

Download full size

Fig. 7. Test effect of strokes by neutral pen (first horizontal then vertical). (a) Microphotography; (b) mirror reflection enhancement; (c) normal visualization

Download full size

Fig. 8. Test effect of strokes by neutral pen (first vertical then horizontal). (a) Microphotography; (b) mirror reflection enhancement;

Download full size

Fig. 9. Test effect of strokes by Show pen (first horizontal then vertical). (a) Microphotography; (b) mirror reflection enhancement; (c) normal visualization

Download full size

Fig. 10. Test effect of strokes by Show pen (first vertical then horizontal). (a) Microphotography; (b) mirror reflection enhancement; (c) normal visualization

Download full size

Fig. 11. Test effect of strokes by neutral pen (first horizontal then vertical). (a) Micrography; (b) mirror reflection enhancement; (c) normal visualization

Download full size

Fig. 12. Test effect of strokes by neutral pen (first vertical then horizontal). (a) Microphotography; (b) mirror reflection enhancement; (c) normal visualization

Download full size

Fig. 13. Test effect of strokes by fiber pen (first horizontal then vertical). (a) Micrography; (b) mirror reflection enhancement; (c) normal visualization

Download full size

Fig. 14. Test effect of strokes by fiber pen (first vertical then horizontal). (a) Micrography; (b) mirror reflection enhancement;

Download full size

Table 1. Writing pens used for experiments
View table
Table 1. Writing pens used for experiments
Type Brand Model Color Ink type
Ballpoint pen Chenguang ABP88402 Blue Oily
Neutral pen Chenguang AGPK3508 Black Water-based
Fiber pen Deli ASP21801 Black Water-based
Show pen Deli N0.75516 Black Oily

Table 2. Detection results of cross-crossing stroke samples

View table

Table 2. Detection results of cross-crossing stroke samples

Type	First horizontal then vertical			First vertical then horizontal
Type	Micrography	Mirror reflection enhancement	Normal visualization	Micrography	Mirror reflection enhancement	Normal visualization
Ballpoint pen	+	++	+++	+	++	+++
Neutral pen	+	++	+++	+	++	+++
Fiber pen	+	++	+++	+	++	+++
Show pen	+	+	++	+	++	++

Table 3. Detection results of tilt-crossing stroke samples

View table

Table 3. Detection results of tilt-crossing stroke samples

Type	First horizontal then vertical			First vertical then horizontal
Type	Micrography	Mirror reflection enhancement	Normal visualization	Micrography	Mirror reflection enhancement	Normal visualization
Ballpoint pen	+	++	+++	++	++	+++
Neutral pen	+	++	+++	+	++	+++
Fiber pen	+	++	++	+	++	++
Show pen	+	+	++	+	+	++

Table 4. Detection results of point-crossing stroke samples

View table

Table 4. Detection results of point-crossing stroke samples

Type	First horizontal then vertical			First vertical then horizontal
Type	Micrography	Mirror reflection enhancement	Normal visualization	Micrography	Mirror reflection enhancement	Normal visualization
Ballpoint pen	X	+	++	X	+	++
Neutral pen	X	+	++	X	+	++
Fiber pen	X	+	+	X	+	+
Show pen	X	X	+	X	X	+

Table 5. Results of variance for sample types

View table

Table 5. Results of variance for sample types

Sample type 1	Sample type 2	Average mean difference /%	Standard error /%	P	Upper limit of confidence interval /%	Lower limit of confidence interval /%
Cross-crossing	Tilt-crossing	6.00	13.54	0.668	-24.62	36.62
Cross-crossing	Point-crossing	42.25	13.54	0.012	11.63	72.87
Tilt-crossing	Cross-crossing	-6.00	13.54	0.668	-36.62	24.62
Tilt-crossing	Point-crossing	36.25	13.54	0.025	5.626	66.87
Point-crossing	Cross-crossing	-42.25	13.54	0.012	-72.87	-11.63
Point-crossing	Tilt-crossing	-36.25	13.54	0.025	-66.874	-5.63

Tools

Get Citation

Copy Citation Text

Linjie Sun, Weina Chen. Handwriting Alteration Detection with the Same Pen Using Reflectance Transformation Imaging Technique[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 2025, 62(2): 0212005

Download Citation

EndNote(RIS)BibTex Plain Text

Set citation alerts for article

Save article for my favorites