[1] [1] Y. S. Kivshar, B. Luther-Davies. Dark optical solitons: physics and applications [J]. Phys. Rep., 1998, 298(2): 81～197

[2] [2] A. G. Grandpierre, D. N. Christodoulides, T. H. Coskun et al.. Gray spatial solitons in biased photorefractive media [J]. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, 2001, 18(1): 55～63

[3] [3] G. P. Agrawal. Nonlinear Fiber Optics [M]. Boston Mass: Academic Peer, 2001

[4] [4] S. Trillo, W. Torruellas. Spatial Solution [M]. Springer, 2001

[5] [5] D. N. Christodoulides, M. I. Carvalho. Bright, dark, and gray spatial soliton states in photorefractive media [J]. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, 1995, 12(9): 1628～1633

[6] [6] A. W. Snyder, D. J. Mitchell, L. Poladian et al.. Self-induced optical fibers: spatial solitary waves [J]. Opt. Lett., 1991, 16(1): 21～23

[7] [7] A. W. Snyder, D. J. Mitchell, B. Luther-Davies. Dark spatial solitons constructed from modes of linear waveguides [J]. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, 1993, 10(12): 2341～2345

[8] [8] D. Kip, M. Soljacic, M. Segev et al.. Modulation instability and pattern formation in spatially incoherent light beams [J]. Science, 2000, 290(5491): 495～498

[9] [9] R. A. Fuerst, D.-M. Baboiu, B. Lawrence et al.. Spatial modulational instability and multisolitonlike generation in a quadratically nonlinear optical medium [J]. Phys. Rev. Lett., 1997, 78(14): 2756～2759

[11] [11] B. Luther-Davies, Xiaoping Yang. Steerable optical waveguides formed in self-defocusing media by using dark spatial solitons [J]. Opt. Lett., 1992, 17(24): 1755～1757