This paper selected yellow, yellow-green and green pyromorphite samples from Guilin, Guangxi to explore the origin of their colors. The composition and color genesis of samples are analyzed by X-ray powder diffraction, electron probe microanalysis, laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer, fluorescence spectrometer and ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer. Results show that the main chemical components of pyromorphite are Pb, P and Cl, which have a wide range of isomorphism: Cl can be partially replaced by F; P can be substituted by Si, V, and S; Pb is easily replaced by metal cations and rare earth elements. The replacement of rare earth elements will slightly increase the cell size of samples. The ultraviolet-visible absorption spectra show that the wide absorption band at 468 nm wavelength caused by rare earth element Pr, the weak absorption peak at 644 nm wavelength caused by Er³⁺, and the wide and slow absorption band at 742?808 nm wavelength caused by Nd are the main reasons for the coloration of the sample. Rare earth elements Dy and Sm also have a certain influence on the color of samples. Usually, the higher the content of Dy and Sm, the easier the sample to appear yellow. Fluorescence spectra show that the rare earth element Er also has a certain influence on the color. Although Er³⁺ could not determine the hue of the sample, it has a certain strengthening effect on the saturation of the sample color.