Fig. 1. Aluminum alloy welding profile for high-speed rail

Fig. 2. Welding platform

Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of gap types

Fig. 4. Fusion states of joints. (a) Poor penetration; (b) normal; (c) burning through

Fig. 5. Influence of laser power on weld formation and joint morphology of bottom-locking joint under working condition one

Fig. 6. Influence of laser power on weld formation and joint morphology of bottom-locking joint under working condition two

Fig. 7. Influence of laser power on weld formation and joint morphology of bottom-locking joint under working condition three

Fig. 8. Influence of laser power on weld formation and joint morphology of bottom-locking joint under working condition four

Fig. 9. Weld tensile properties of bottom-locking joints under different working conditions and laser powers. (a) Working condition one; (b) working condition two; (c) working condition three; (d) working condition four

Fig. 10. Weld bending properties of bottom-locking joints under different working conditions and laser powers. (a) Working condition one; (b) working condition two; (c) working condition three; (d) working condition four

Fig. 11. Structural diagram of TVCNN model

Fig. 12. Accuracy and loss curves of TVCNN model

Fig. 13. Comparison of accuracies of different models

Fig. 14. Real-time adaptive welding system

Fig. 15. Comparison of effects with and without adaptive welding system