Triple-cation perovskite solar cells for visible light communications

Natalie A. Mica; Rui Bian; Pavlos Manousiadis; Lethy K. Jagadamma; Iman Tavakkolnia; Harald Haas; Graham A. Turnbull; Ifor D. W. Samuel

doi:10.1364/PRJ.393647

Photonics Research, Volume. 8, Issue 8, A16(2020)

Triple-cation perovskite solar cells for visible light communications Spotlight on Optics

Natalie A. Mica¹, Rui Bian², Pavlos Manousiadis¹, Lethy K. Jagadamma¹, Iman Tavakkolnia², Harald Haas^2,3、*, Graham A. Turnbull^1,4、*, and Ifor D. W. Samuel^1,5、*

Author Affiliations

¹Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9SS, UK

²LiFi Research and Development Centre, Institute for Digital Communications, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK

³e-mail: H.Haas@ed.ac.uk

⁴e-mail: gat@st-andrews.ac.uk

⁵e-mail: idws@st-andrews.ac.uk

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Figures & Tables(13)

Fig. 1. SEM images of triple-cation perovskite films for all thicknesses. The red bar corresponds to a length of 2 μm.

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Fig. 2. Triple-cation perovskite devices with their (a) best J-V curves under 0.9 mW/cm2 indoor white LED illumination, (b) EQE, and (c) I-V curves under 50 mW red laser (660 nm) illumination.

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Fig. 3. Low-magnification SEM images of the three thickest triple-cation perovskite films. The blue scale bar represents a length of 10 μm.

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Fig. 4. (a) Box and whisker distributions of the −3 dB bandwidth and (b) achieved data rate for perovskite devices with varied active layer thickness. Here, the mean of the data is represented as a square, the median a solid line, and the ends of the box represent the 25%–75% range.

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Fig. 5. (a) Transient photovoltage measurements for triple-cation perovskite solar cells with varied thickness. (b) Fitted RC time constant from this measurement.

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Fig. 6. Example frequency response for each perovskite thickness device.

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Fig. 7. Example of bit loading from one measurement of each thickness: (a) 60 nm, (b) 170 nm, (c) 250 nm, (d) 640 nm, (e) 840 nm, (f) 965 nm.

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Table 1. Cell Performance of Triple-Cation Devices with Varied Active Layer Thickness Using a White LED with an Incident Optical Power of $0.9 mW / {cm}^{2}$ ^a,^b

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Table 1. Cell Performance of Triple-Cation Devices with Varied Active Layer Thickness Using a White LED with an Incident Optical Power of $0.9 mW / {cm}^{2}$ ^a,^b

Perov. Thickness [nm]	Best PCE [%]	PCE [%]	FF [%]	$J_{SC}$ [ $mA / {cm}^{2}$ ]	$V_{OC}$ [V]	$R_{S}$ [ $k Ω \cdot {cm}^{2}$ ]	$R_{SH}$ [ $k Ω \cdot {cm}^{2}$ ]
60	2.9	$2.4 \pm 0.6$	$41 \pm 2$	$0.07 \pm 0.01$	$0.71 \pm 0.11$	$4.3 \pm 0.8$	$26.9 \pm 7$
170	18.7	$16.3 \pm 1.8$	$71 \pm 5$	$0.22 \pm 0.01$	$0.92 \pm 0.02$	$0.6 \pm 0.2$	$143 \pm 80$
250	20.3	$18.2 \pm 2.7$	$72 \pm 9$	$0.25 \pm 0.01$	$0.92 \pm 0.02$	$0.7 \pm 0.1$	$99.1 \pm 40$
640	21.4	$19.7 \pm 1.1$	$72 \pm 2$	$0.27 \pm 0.01$	$0.92 \pm 0.01$	$0.5 \pm 0.1$	$81.3 \pm 20$
840	14.9	$13.6 \pm 1.2$	$57 \pm 3$	$0.25 \pm 0.01$	$0.87 \pm 0.01$	$0.8 \pm 0.5$	$21.6 \pm 5$
965	13.8	$12.6 \pm 1.2$	$57 \pm 2$	$0.23 \pm 0.02$	$0.86 \pm 0.02$	$0.9 \pm 0.2$	$10.7 \pm 4$

Table 2. External Quantum Efficiency of Triple-Cation Solar Cells under 660 nm Low Intensity and Laser Illumination, and Power Conversion Efficiency and Power Generated under 50 mW Laser Power
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Table 2. External Quantum Efficiency of Triple-Cation Solar Cells under 660 nm Low Intensity and Laser Illumination, and Power Conversion Efficiency and Power Generated under 50 mW Laser Power
Perov. Thickness [nm] EQE under Low Intensity [%] EQE with Red Laser [%] PCE with Red Laser [%] Power Generated [mW]
60 28 16 6.1 3.1
170 39 24 9.0 4.5
250 53 24 6.5 3.3
640 61 24 7.7 3.9
840 56 31 8.8 4.4
965 59 26 6.7 3.3

Table 3. Average and Standard Deviation of $- 3 dB$ Bandwidth, Data Rate, BER, and Number of Measured Samples of Triple-Cation Photodetectors with Varied Active Layer Thickness

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Table 3. Average and Standard Deviation of $- 3 dB$ Bandwidth, Data Rate, BER, and Number of Measured Samples of Triple-Cation Photodetectors with Varied Active Layer Thickness

Perov. Thickness [nm]	Bandwidth [kHz]	Data Rate [Mbps]	BER	Sample Size
60	$114 \pm 5$	$31 \pm 4$	$2.8 \times 10^{- 3}$	10
170	$211 \pm 71$	$32 \pm 5$	$3.3 \times 10^{- 3}$	8
250	$259 \pm 30$	$49 \pm 4$	$3.0 \times 10^{- 3}$	13
640	$367 \pm 100$	$43 \pm 7$	$3.0 \times 10^{- 3}$	12
840	$386 \pm 55$	$24 \pm 1$	$3.2 \times 10^{- 3}$	14
965	$400 \pm 73$	$33 \pm 4$	$3.0 \times 10^{- 3}$	21

Table 4. Coefficients $(B_{1}, B_{2})$ and Lifetimes $(τ_{1}, τ_{2})$ Extracted from the Two-Exponential Fit of TRPL Data for All Perovskite Devices of Varied Active Layer Thickness^a
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Table 4. Coefficients $(B_{1}, B_{2})$ and Lifetimes $(τ_{1}, τ_{2})$ Extracted from the Two-Exponential Fit of TRPL Data for All Perovskite Devices of Varied Active Layer Thickness^a
Perov. Thickness [nm] $B_{1} [10^{3}]$ $τ_{1}$ [ns] $B_{2} [10^{3}]$ $τ_{2}$ [ns]
60 91.3 2.0 4.6 8.2
170 101.3 4.2 10.7 11.5
250 9.0 8.1 0.2 28.1
640 7.1 18.2 1.5 83.4
840 5.5 23.6 3.8 70.7
965 5.3 59.4 3.9 125.5

Table 5. Measured Device Resistance, Calculated Capacitance, and RC Time Constant for Triple-Cation Devices of Varied Active Layer Thickness Using Two Methods: Bandwidth Estimation and Transient Photovoltage

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Table 5. Measured Device Resistance, Calculated Capacitance, and RC Time Constant for Triple-Cation Devices of Varied Active Layer Thickness Using Two Methods: Bandwidth Estimation and Transient Photovoltage

Perov. Thickness [nm]	Bandwidth Estimation			Transient Photovoltage
Perov. Thickness [nm]	$R C = 1 / (2 π f_{- 3 dB})$ [ns]	Cell Resistance [ $Ω$ ]	Capacitance [nF]	Fitted RC Time Const. [ns]	Calculated $f_{- 3 dB}$ [kHz]
60	1485	271	5.5	1140	142
170	569	138	4.1	570	285
250	385	135	2.9	390	415
640	293	187	1.6	280	582
840	264	239	1.1	260	606
965	221	269	0.8	230	700

Table 6. Spin Coating Conditions for the Triple-Cation Perovskite Film Formation^a

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Table 6. Spin Coating Conditions for the Triple-Cation Perovskite Film Formation^a

Perovskite Thickness [nm]	Precursor Solution Concentration [mol/L]	Spin-Coating Condition
60	0.25	6000 r/min (40 s)
170	0.25	1000 r/min (40 s)
250	0.5	2000 r/min $(10 s) + 6000 r / \min$ (30 s)
640	1	2000 r/min $(10 s) + 6000 r / \min$ (30 s)
840	1	1400 r/min (40 s)
965	1	1000 r/min (40 s)

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Natalie A. Mica, Rui Bian, Pavlos Manousiadis, Lethy K. Jagadamma, Iman Tavakkolnia, Harald Haas, Graham A. Turnbull, Ifor D. W. Samuel, "Triple-cation perovskite solar cells for visible light communications," Photonics Res. 8, A16 (2020)

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Paper Information

Special Issue: PEROVSKITE PHOTONICS

Received: Apr. 3, 2020

Accepted: May. 25, 2020

Published Online: Jul. 8, 2020

The Author Email: Harald Haas (H.Haas@ed.ac.uk), Graham A. Turnbull (gat@st-andrews.ac.uk), Ifor D. W. Samuel (idws@st-andrews.ac.uk)

DOI:10.1364/PRJ.393647

Topics

laser devices and laser physics

Lasers and Laser Optics

Laser physics

laser manufacturing

Instrumentation, Measurement and Metrology

Table 1. Cell Performance of Triple-Cation Devices with Varied Active Layer Thickness Using a White LED with an Incident Optical Power of 0.9 mW/cm2a,b

Table 1. Cell Performance of Triple-Cation Devices with Varied Active Layer Thickness Using a White LED with an Incident Optical Power of 0.9 mW/cm2a,b

Table 2. External Quantum Efficiency of Triple-Cation Solar Cells under 660 nm Low Intensity and Laser Illumination, and Power Conversion Efficiency and Power Generated under 50 mW Laser Power

Table 2. External Quantum Efficiency of Triple-Cation Solar Cells under 660 nm Low Intensity and Laser Illumination, and Power Conversion Efficiency and Power Generated under 50 mW Laser Power

Table 3. Average and Standard Deviation of −3 dB Bandwidth, Data Rate, BER, and Number of Measured Samples of Triple-Cation Photodetectors with Varied Active Layer Thickness

Table 3. Average and Standard Deviation of −3 dB Bandwidth, Data Rate, BER, and Number of Measured Samples of Triple-Cation Photodetectors with Varied Active Layer Thickness

Table 4. Coefficients (B1,B2) and Lifetimes (τ1,τ2) Extracted from the Two-Exponential Fit of TRPL Data for All Perovskite Devices of Varied Active Layer Thicknessa

Table 4. Coefficients (B1,B2) and Lifetimes (τ1,τ2) Extracted from the Two-Exponential Fit of TRPL Data for All Perovskite Devices of Varied Active Layer Thicknessa

Table 5. Measured Device Resistance, Calculated Capacitance, and RC Time Constant for Triple-Cation Devices of Varied Active Layer Thickness Using Two Methods: Bandwidth Estimation and Transient Photovoltage

Table 5. Measured Device Resistance, Calculated Capacitance, and RC Time Constant for Triple-Cation Devices of Varied Active Layer Thickness Using Two Methods: Bandwidth Estimation and Transient Photovoltage

Table 6. Spin Coating Conditions for the Triple-Cation Perovskite Film Formationa

Table 6. Spin Coating Conditions for the Triple-Cation Perovskite Film Formationa

Table 1. Cell Performance of Triple-Cation Devices with Varied Active Layer Thickness Using a White LED with an Incident Optical Power of $0.9 mW / {cm}^{2}$ ^a,^b

Table 1. Cell Performance of Triple-Cation Devices with Varied Active Layer Thickness Using a White LED with an Incident Optical Power of $0.9 mW / {cm}^{2}$ ^a,^b

Table 3. Average and Standard Deviation of $- 3 dB$ Bandwidth, Data Rate, BER, and Number of Measured Samples of Triple-Cation Photodetectors with Varied Active Layer Thickness

Table 3. Average and Standard Deviation of $- 3 dB$ Bandwidth, Data Rate, BER, and Number of Measured Samples of Triple-Cation Photodetectors with Varied Active Layer Thickness

Table 4. Coefficients $(B_{1}, B_{2})$ and Lifetimes $(τ_{1}, τ_{2})$ Extracted from the Two-Exponential Fit of TRPL Data for All Perovskite Devices of Varied Active Layer Thickness^a

Table 4. Coefficients $(B_{1}, B_{2})$ and Lifetimes $(τ_{1}, τ_{2})$ Extracted from the Two-Exponential Fit of TRPL Data for All Perovskite Devices of Varied Active Layer Thickness^a

Table 6. Spin Coating Conditions for the Triple-Cation Perovskite Film Formation^a

Table 6. Spin Coating Conditions for the Triple-Cation Perovskite Film Formation^a