Wind Speed and Direction Profile Models in Typical Coastal Areas of China

Lingyun Min; Xiaowei Chen; Ningquan Weng; Wenyue Zhu; Xianmei Qian; Pengfei Wu; Congming Dai; Xuebin Li; Shengcheng Cui; Xun Cui

doi:10.3788/AOS231201

Acta Optica Sinica, Volume. 44, Issue 12, 1201004(2024)

Wind Speed and Direction Profile Models in Typical Coastal Areas of China

Lingyun Min^1,2, Xiaowei Chen^2,3,5、*, Ningquan Weng^2,4,5、**, Wenyue Zhu^2,3,5, Xianmei Qian^2,3,5, Pengfei Wu^2,3,5, Congming Dai^2,3,5, Xuebin Li^2,3,5, Shengcheng Cui^2,3,5, and Xun Cui^2,4

Author Affiliations

¹Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China

²Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Optics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China

³Nanhu Laser Laboratory, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, Hunan, China

⁴School of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China

⁵Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Laser Technology, Hefei 230027, Anhui, China

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Figures & Tables(19)

Fig. 1. Average wind speed profiles at Xiamen in February and June. (a) February; (b) June

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Fig. 2. Monthly average wind direction profiles. (a) Qingdao in December; (b) Xiamen in May; (c) Xiamen in July

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Fig. 3. Genetic algorithm evolution process at Dalian. (a) Wind speed; (b) wind direction

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Fig. 4. Comparison of wind speed models at Dalian. (a) Spring; (b) summer; (c) autumn; (d) winter

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Fig. 5. Comparison of wind speed models at Qingdao. (a) Spring; (b) summer; (c) autumn; (d) winter

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Fig. 6. Comparison of wind speed models at Shanghai. (a) Spring; (b) summer; (c) autumn; (d) winter

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Fig. 7. Comparison of wind speed models at Xiamen. (a) Spring; (b) summer; (c) autumn; (d) winter

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Fig. 8. Comparison of wind speed models at Xisha Islands. (a) Spring; (b) summer; (c) autumn; (d) winter

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Fig. 9. Comparison of wind direction models and average profile at Dalian. (a) Spring; (b) summer; (c) autumn; (d) winter

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Fig. 10. Comparison of wind direction models and average profile at Qingdao. (a) Spring; (b) summer; (c) autumn; (d) winter

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Fig. 11. Comparison of wind direction models and average profile at Shanghai. (a) Spring; (b) summer; (c) autumn; (d) winter

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Fig. 12. Comparison of wind direction models and average profile at Xiamen. (a) Spring; (b) summer; (c) autumn; (d) winter

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Fig. 13. Comparison of wind direction models and average profile at Xisha Islands. (a) Spring; (b) summer; (c) autumn; (d) winter

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Table 1. Basic information of used sounding stations

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Table 1. Basic information of used sounding stations

Station	Nearby sea	Longitude	Latitude	Elevation /m	Date
Dalian	Bohai Sea	121.63°E	38.90°N	97.00	From 1973-01 to 2022-07
Qingdao	Yellow Sea	120.33°E	36.06°N	77.00	From 1973-01 to 2022-07
Shanghai	East China Sea	121.46°E	31.40°N	4.00	From 1991-06 to 2022-07
Xiamen	Taiwan Strait	118.08°E	24.48°N	139.00	From 1973-01 to 2022-07
Xisha Islands	South China Sea	112.33°E	16.83°N	5.00	From 1973-01 to 2022-07

Table 2. Months in which two types of wind speed profile exist in each area
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Table 2. Months in which two types of wind speed profile exist in each area
Station The first The second
Dalian 1—12 —
Qingdao 1—12 —
Shanghai 1—6，9—12 7，8
Xiamen 1—5，10—12 6—9
Xisha Islands 1—4，12 5—11

Table 3. Months in which three types of wind direction profile exist in each area
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Table 3. Months in which three types of wind direction profile exist in each area
Station The first The second The third
Dalian 1—4，10—12 5—9 —
Qingdao 1—4，10—12 5—9 —
Shanghai 1—4，11—12 5—10 —
Xiamen 1—2 3—6，9—12 7—8
Xisha Islands — 1—5，11—12 6—10

Table 4. Division of seasons in different areas

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Table 4. Division of seasons in different areas

Season	Dalian	Qingdao	Shanghai	Xiamen	Xisha Islands
Spring	3，4，5	3，4，5	4，5	4，5	3，4
Summer	6，7，8	6，7，8	6，7，8，9	6，7，8，9	5，6，7，8
Autumn	9，10，11	9，10，11	10，11	10，11	9，10
Winter	12，1，2	12，1，2	12，1，2，3	12，1，2，3	11，12，1，2

Table 5. Fitting coefficients of wind speed for typical coastal areas

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Table 5. Fitting coefficients of wind speed for typical coastal areas

Station	Season	Fitting coefficients
Station	Season	$A_{1}$	$A_{2}$	$A_{3}$	$A_{4}$	$A_{5}$	$A_{6}$	$A_{7}$	$A_{8}$	$A_{9}$	$A_{10}$
Dalian	1	5.75	30.19	11.61	6.38	2.54	22.95	28.60	2.07	17.41	2.12
	2	2.42	7.63	25.62	4.39	5.96	4.91	5.89	25.21	12.53	4.77
	3	3.38	9.07	13.05	3.98	25.00	11.63	7.39	5.01	28.84	22.76
	4	1.58	11.34	29.98	13.31	34.32	11.88	8.46	6.88	10.84	6.92
Qingdao	1	5.27	37.22	12.18	6.34	4.46	4.37	2.72	3.36	28.94	6.47
	2	4.74	7.70	26.28	4.79	12.70	13.29	3.36	12.93	9.92	6.24
	3	0.66	22.40	13.35	4.54	16.37	9.03	6.23	8.84	17.45	17.04
	4	0.01	6.66	12.36	2.53	48.11	12.00	8.53	9.35	26.54	4.93
Shanghai	1	5.84	10.10	7.30	4.14	30.17	13.30	4.57	5.33	12.67	4.63
	2	6.41	6.58	13.69	2.99	8.09	25.68	4.65	8.72	10.58	5.64
	3	6.14	3.46	16.01	2.44	2.51	5.70	2.25	40.85	12.00	5.39
	4	3.92	4.35	25.38	4.95	52.21	12.02	6.76	8.60	12.35	3.24
Xiamen	1	5.71	2.30	25.13	2.77	13.65	13.87	3.63	14.37	9.76	5.78
	2	7.13	10.40	29.06	6.09	2.86	13.59	2.92	7.10	21.90	8.04
	3	4.95	12.20	14.23	3.69	14.06	9.51	4.95	3.05	25.78	4.16
	4	4.82	40.37	12.23	5.88	2.89	28.62	4.48	8.14	6.18	3.37
Xisha Islands	1	5.20	4.12	7.45	3.03	10.46	12.81	3.64	3.44	28.15	8.26
	2	6.06	0.41	1.52	5.03	8.48	15.85	4.04	15.23	27.58	9.72
	3	6.92	0.44	12.18	30.00	11.65	28.47	8.93	4.54	15.84	3.64
	4	6.20	2.38	25.33	3.29	6.21	13.97	2.80	5.08	10.02	5.09

Table 6. Fitting coefficients of wind direction for typical coastal areas

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Table 6. Fitting coefficients of wind direction for typical coastal areas

Station	Season	Fitting coefficients
Station	Season	$B_{1}$	$B_{2}$	$B_{3}$	$B_{4}$	$B_{5}$	$B_{6}$	$B_{7}$	$B_{8}$	$B_{9}$	$B_{10}$
Dalian	1	197.93	21.87	3.08	2.23	77.65	12.23	5.82	13.92	20.35	1.70
	2	57.72	89.12	17.51	2.76	179.92	8.28	5.26	28.80	21.73	8.73
	3	197.58	25.68	3.28	2.94	61.10	12.40	5.94	9.90	12.94	5.57
	4	3.30	47.70	3.34	4.84	235.34	13.09	12.63	32.02	15.06	4.76
Qingdao	1	134.06	19.94	3.99	3.47	111.74	12.01	7.03	33.30	29.86	15.22
	2	8.38	77.07	17.01	2.70	78.28	28.57	18.42	177.05	8.25	5.10
	3	151.53	20.76	3.75	2.52	66.63	12.06	7.23	50.31	12.03	5.79
	4	71.53	30.08	2.56	3.61	124.87	10.76	15.56	73.08	13.04	7.37
Shanghai	1	60.82	10.88	2.74	1.56	206.20	10.15	6.12	86.38	23.71	3.85
	2	79.17	5.98	24.42	2.38	154.86	8.67	5.06	33.37	16.50	1.57
	3	95.09	55.41	3.35	2.48	106.46	14.05	7.61	60.33	12.13	5.45
	4	111.58	49.01	3.17	2.83	16.13	18.98	10.91	135.35	13.71	7.62
Xiamen	1	82.76	29.99	27.48	14.75	12.12	17.12	1.17	178.96	9.49	5.89
	2	53.21	41.03	2.23	9.52	93.27	7.73	5.43	36.23	25.16	3.29
	3	28.97	60.37	3.74	1.80	141.75	11.29	4.92	88.72	16.41	8.89
	4	55.84	45.55	3.35	2.25	108.41	13.94	9.22	100.80	12.78	6.49
Xisha Islands	1	41.03	47.76	11.22	12.91	160.07	10.12	5.48	71.80	23.85	2.95
	2	80.21	94.10	0.31	8.03	28.08	6.44	4.47	10.03	23.63	2.69
	3	31.15	27.92	1.29	3.50	59.78	20.33	16.93	33.04	8.09	3.98
	4	14.42	112.35	29.91	8.23	57.26	9.12	4.23	155.82	12.33	6.42

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Lingyun Min, Xiaowei Chen, Ningquan Weng, Wenyue Zhu, Xianmei Qian, Pengfei Wu, Congming Dai, Xuebin Li, Shengcheng Cui, Xun Cui. Wind Speed and Direction Profile Models in Typical Coastal Areas of China[J]. Acta Optica Sinica, 2024, 44(12): 1201004

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