[1] [1] Su J L et al 2024 Recent innovations in laser additive manufacturing of titanium alloys Int. J. Extrem. Manuf.6 032001

[2] [2] Tan C L, Deng C, Li S, Abena A, Jamshidi P, Essa K, Wu L K, Xu G H, Attallah M M and Liu J 2022 Mechanical property and biological behaviour of additive manufactured TiNi functionally graded lattice structure Int. J. Extrem. Manuf.4 045003

[3] [3] Bouabbou A and Vaudreuil S 2022 Understanding laser-metal interaction in selective laser melting additive manufacturing through numerical modelling and simulation: a review Virtual Phys. Prototyp.17 543–62

[4] [4] Tan C L, Weng F, Sui S, Chew Y and Bi G J 2021 Progress and perspectives in laser additive manufacturing of key aeroengine materials Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf.170 103804

[5] [5] Liu T S, Chen P, Qiu F, Yang H Y, Jin N T Y, Chew Y, Wang D, Li R D, Jiang Q C and Tan C L 2024 Review on laser directed energy deposited aluminum alloys Int. J. Extrem. Manuf.6 022004

[6] [6] Krnsteiner P, Wilms M B, Weisheit A, Gault B, Jgle E A and Raabe D 2020 High-strength Damascus steel by additive manufacturing Nature582 515–9

[7] [7] Krnsteiner P, Wilms M B, Weisheit A, Barriobero-Vila P, Jgle E A and Raabe D 2017 Massive nanoprecipitation in an Fe-19Ni-xAl maraging steel triggered by the intrinsic heat treatment during laser metal deposition Acta Mater.129 52–60

[8] [8] Su J L, Jiang F L, Tan C L, Weng F, Ng F L, Goh M H, Xie H M, Liu J, Chew Y and Teng J 2023 Additive manufacturing of fine-grained high-strength titanium alloy via multi-eutectoid elements alloying Composites B 249 110399

[9] [9] Herzog D, Seyda V, Wycisk E and Emmelmann C 2016 Additive manufacturing of metals Acta Mater.117 371–92

[10] [10] Li H K, Thomas S and Hutchinson C 2022 Delivering microstructural complexity to additively manufactured metals through controlled mesoscale chemical heterogeneity Acta Mater.226 117637

[11] [11] Huang S, Narayan R L, Tan J H K, Sing S L and Yeong W Y 2021 Resolving the porosity-unmelted inclusion dilemma during in-situ alloying of Ti34Nb via laser powder bed fusion Acta Mater.204 116522

[12] [12] Zhang J Q, Bermingham M, Otte J, Liu Y G and Dargusch M 2023 Towards uniform and enhanced tensile ductility of additively manufactured Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr alloy through designing gradient interlayer deposition time Scr. Mater.223 115066

[13] [13] Xu W, Lui E W, Pateras A, Qian M and Brandt M 2017 In situ tailoring microstructure in additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V for superior mechanical performance Acta Mater.125 390–400

[14] [14] Krnsteiner P, Barriobero-Vila P, Bajaj P, De Geuser F, Wilms M B, Jgle E A and Raabe D 2023 Designing an Fe-Ni-Ti maraging steel tailor-made for laser additive manufacturing Addit. Manuf.73 103647

[15] [15] Tan C L et al 2023 Review on field assisted metal additive manufacturing Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf.189 104032

[16] [16] Mertens R, Dadbakhsh S, Van Humbeeck J and Kruth J P 2018 Application of base plate preheating during selective laser melting Proc. CIRP74 5–11

[17] [17] Kempen K, Vrancken B, Buls S, Thijs L, Van Humbeeck J and Kruth J P 2014 Selective laser melting of crack-free high density M2 high speed steel parts by baseplate preheating J. Manuf. Sci. Eng.136 061026

[18] [18] Ding C G, Cui X, Jiao J Q and Zhu P 2018 Effects of substrate preheating temperatures on the microstructure, properties, and residual stress of 12CrNi2 prepared by laser cladding deposition technique Materials11 2401

[19] [19] Su J L, Ji X K, Liu J, Teng J, Jiang F L, Fu D F and Zhang H 2022 Revealing the decomposition mechanisms of dislocations and metastable ' phase and their effects on mechanical properties in a Ti-6Al-4V alloy J. Mater. Sci. Technol.107 136–48

[20] [20] Cui C, Leitner H, Platl J and Schnitzer R 2023 Influence of platform preheating on in situ precipitation in an FeCoMo alloy during laser powder bed fusion Mater. Charact.197 112689

[21] [21] Wei C, Zhang Z Z, Cheng D X, Sun Z, Zhu M H and Li L 2021 An overview of laser-based multiple metallic material additive manufacturing: from macro- to micro-scales Int. J. Extrem. Manuf.3 012003

[22] [22] Tan C L, Zhou K S, Ma W Y, Zhang P P, Liu M and Kuang T C 2017 Microstructural evolution, nanoprecipitation behavior and mechanical properties of selective laser melted high-performance grade 300 maraging steel Mater. Des.134 23–34

[23] [23] Tan C L et al 2023 Machine learning customized novel material for energy-efficient 4D printing Adv. Sci.10 2206607

[24] [24] Tanaka M and Choi C S 1972 The effects of carbon contents and MS temperatures on the hardness of martensitic Fe-Ni-C alloys Trans. Iron Steel Inst. Japan12 16–25

[25] [25] Olson D L 1985 Prediction of austenitic weld metal microstructure and properties Weld. J.64 281S–95S

[26] [26] DebRoy T, Wei H L, Zuback J S, Mukherjee T, Elmer J W, Milewski J O, Beese A M, Wilson-Heid A, De A and Zhang W 2018 Additive manufacturing of metallic components—process, structure and properties Prog. Mater. Sci.92 112–224

[27] [27] Bertsch K M, Meric de Bellefon G, Kuehl B and Thoma D J 2020 Origin of dislocation structures in an additively manufactured austenitic stainless steel 316L Acta Mater.199 19–33

[28] [28] Kwiatkowski da Silva A, Souza Filho I R, Lu W, Zilnyk K D, Hupalo M F, Alves L M, Ponge D, Gault B and Raabe D 2022 A sustainable ultra-high strength Fe18Mn3Ti maraging steel through controlled solute segregation and -Mn nanoprecipitation Nat. Commun.13 2330

[29] [29] Wang H et al 2020 Effect of cyclic rapid thermal loadings on the microstructural evolution of a CrMnFeCoNi high-entropy alloy manufactured by selective laser melting Acta Mater.196 609–25

[30] [30] Zeisl S, Lassnig A, Hohenwarter A and Mendez-Martin F 2022 Precipitation behavior of a Co-free Fe-Ni-Cr-Mo-Ti-Al maraging steel after severe plastic deformation Mater. Sci. Eng. A 833 142416

[31] [31] Schnitzer R, Schober M, Zinner S and Leitner H 2010 Effect of Cu on the evolution of precipitation in an Fe-Cr-Ni-Al-Ti maraging steel Acta Mater.58 3733–41

[32] [32] Jgle E A, Sheng Z D, Krnsteiner P, Ocylok S, Weisheit A and Raabe D 2017 Comparison of maraging steel micro- and nanostructure produced conventionally and by laser additive manufacturing Materials10 8

[33] [33] Zhang Y N, Cao X, Wanjara P and Medraj M 2013 Oxide films in laser additive manufactured Inconel 718 Acta Mater.61 6562–76

[34] [34] Meng F J, Wang J Q, Han E H and Ke W 2010 The role of TiN inclusions in stress corrosion crack initiation for alloy 690TT in high-temperature and high-pressure water Corros. Sci.52 927–32

[35] [35] Zhang S Y, Wang L L, Lin X, Yang H O and Huang W D 2022 The formation and dissolution mechanisms of Laves phase in Inconel 718 fabricated by selective laser melting compared to directed energy deposition and cast Composites B 239 109994

[36] [36] Tan C L, Zou J, Wang D, Ma W Y and Zhou K S 2022 Duplex strengthening via SiC addition and in-situ precipitation in additively manufactured composite materials Composites B 236 109820

[37] [37] Wang Y H, Kang J M, Peng Y, Wang T S, Hansen N and Huang X 2018 Hall-Petch strengthening in Fe-34.5Mn-0.04C steel cold-rolled, partially recrystallized and fully recrystallized Scr. Mater.155 41–45

[38] [38] Yin Y, Tan Q Y, Bermingham M, Mo N, Zhang J Q and Zhang M X 2022 Laser additive manufacturing of steels Int. Mater. Rev.67 487–573

[39] [39] Tan C L, Chew Y, Weng F, Sui S, Du Z L, Ng F L and Bi G J 2021 Superior strength-ductility in laser aided additive manufactured high-strength steel by combination of intrinsic tempering and heat treatment Virtual Phys. Prototyp.16 460–80

[40] [40] Lewandowski J J and Seifi M 2016 Metal additive manufacturing: a review of mechanical properties Annu. Rev. Mater. Res.46 151–86

[41] [41] Niu H, Jiang H C, Zhao M J and Rong L J 2021 Effect of interlayer addition on microstructure and mechanical properties of NiTi/stainless steel joint by electron beam welding J. Mater. Sci. Technol.61 16–24

[42] [42] Bleck W, Guo X F and Ma Y 2017 The TRIP effect and its application in cold formable sheet steels Steel Res. Int.88 1700218

[43] [43] Zhu Y T et al 2021 Heterostructured materials: superior properties from hetero-zone interaction Mater. Res. Lett.9 1–31