Fig. 1. Electron irradiation-induced swelling and Mrozowski crack closure under various doses at room temperature

Fig. 2. Substrate swelling and disordering induced by various electron irradiation doses at room temperature

Fig. 3. Disordering of graphite substrates induced by various electron irradiation doses at 150 ℃

Fig. 4. Disordering of graphite substrates induced by various electron irradiation doses at 250 ℃

Fig. 5. Changes in graphite substrates under various electron irradiation doses at 450 ℃

Fig. 6. Noise-filtered HRTEM images under various electron irradiation conditions showing the interlayer migration process of incomplete dislocations along the c-axis (a) 450 ℃, 1.19 dpa, (b) 450 ℃, 1.21 dpa, (c) 750 ℃, 0.60 dpa, (d) 450 ℃, 0.61 dpa

Fig. 7. Noise-filtered HRTEM images during electron irradiation at 450 ℃ showing the variation of the dislocation dipole with doses of 2.53 dpa (a), 2.57 dpa (b), 2.59 dpa (c), and 2.64 dpa (d), respectively. Insets show the (002) Fourier-filtered images for each red dashed box region (color online)

Fig. 8. Noise-filtered images clearly show the formation (a), dissociation (b, c), and complexation (d) with independent incomplete dislocations of interstitial loops at 750 ℃ (color online)

Fig. 9. The noise-filtered images clearly show the formation (a), dissociation (b, c), and complexation process (d) of independent incomplete dislocations with dislocation dipoles dissociated from the vacancy loops at 750 ℃ (color online)