Fig. 1. Schematic illustration of large-capacity fiber grating arrays fabricated using the draw-tower method

Fig. 2. Schematic illustration of large-capacity fiber grating arrays fabricated using femtosecond laser technology^[28]

Fig. 3. Schematic illustration of the construction principle of large-capacity grating arrays

Fig. 4. Schematic representation of a networking approach for multi-type and multi-parameter sensing utilizing grating array sensor fibers

Fig. 5. OTDR-based wavelength demodulation in grating array optical fibers

Fig. 6. OFDR-based wavelength demodulation in grating array optical fibers

Fig. 7. Schematic illustration of a networking method based on spectral profile information from a partitioned multi-grating array

Fig. 8. Demodulation system based on partitioned spectral-type multi-grating arrays for networked spectral profile sensing

Fig. 9. Phase-based networking of adjacent gratings

Fig. 10. Phase noise optimization through an auxiliary interferometer

Fig. 11. SNR optimization through dual-pulse delay matching

Fig. 12. Schematic illustration of the layout of a highway sensing network^[57]

Fig. 13. Simulation and experimental data analysis of the dynamic load test^［59］

Fig. 14. Schematic illustration of the processing flow of a multi-lane trajectory tracking algorithm for highways^［65］

Fig. 15. Schematic illustration of the construction of a smart subway sensing network and its functional algorithm framework

Fig. 16. Schematic illustration of the intrusion warning and localization method for excavation activities above tunnels^[67]

Fig. 17. Schematic illustration of the anomaly detection algorithm for subway train bogies^[72]

Fig. 18. Schematic illustration of sensing fiber optic cable deployment

Fig. 19. Schematic illustration of runway dynamic response induced by aircraft as the vibration source^[75]

Fig. 20. Data graph illustrating the impact of landing gear on the runway during aircraft touchdown^［76］

Fig. 21. Distribution of taxiing distances. (a) Runway 01L direction; (b) runway 19R direction

Fig. 22. Structure of identification system for intrusion and non intrusion events^[79]

Fig. 23. Schematic illustration of the structure of a coil-type fiber-optic hydrophone based on a grating array fiber^[20]