Fig. 1. Single‑pixel imaging setups. (a) Single‑point scanning; (b) array encoding; (c) block scanning; (d) passive illumination; (e) active illumination

Fig. 2. Single‑pixel array‑encoded imaging systems. (a) Rotating‑mask encoding^[18]; (b) LED encoding^[19]; (c) LCD encoding^[20]; (d) photonic‑chip encoding^[21]; (e) metasurface encoding^[22]; (f) terahertz‑excitation encoding^[23]; (g) mid‑infrared pump encoding^[24]

Fig. 3. Single-pixel modulation imaging. (a) Sine fringe; (b) Hadamard matrix

Fig. 4. Light field modulation. (a) Hermite-Gaussian moment; (b) Kravchuk moment; (c) circular harmonic Fourier moment; (d) adaptive fixation points; (e) self-evolving

Fig. 5. Data-driven deep learning. (a) Image-to-image; (b) measurement-to-image; (c) convolutional network; (d) residual module; (e) attention mechanism; (f) recurrent network; (g) generative adversarial network; (h) Transformer architecture

Fig. 6. Physics-driven deep learning. (a) Image-to-image; (b) measurement-to-image; (c) single-photon detection

Fig. 7. Hybrid-driven deep learning. (a) Collaborative optimization prior; (b) variable generative prior

Fig. 8. Phase contrast and diffraction imaging. (a) Lee holography; (b) spiral phase contrast; (c) coaxial phase contrast; (d) diffraction imaging iteration; (e) diffraction imaging low-frequency detection; (f) diffraction reconstruction

Fig. 9. Holographic imaging. (a) Reference optical path; (b) dual-path modulation; (c) coaxial structure; (d) holographic mode; (e) reference modulation

Fig. 10. Scattering imaging. (a) Classification; (b) average coupling of backward scattering

Fig. 11. Special light field modulation. (a) Adaptive scatter gating; (b) spatiotemporal encoding pattern^[78]

Fig. 12. Scattering modes. (a) Single-photon scattering; (b) fluorescence scattering^[80]

Fig. 13. Scatter correction. (a) Scaling factor correction; (b) polarization correction; (c) parallel correction; (d) time window correction^[83]; (e) transient correction

Fig. 14. Image encryption applications. (a) Semantics^[86]; (b) metasurface^[87]; (c) holography^[89]; (d) liquid crystal^[91]; (e) polarization^[94]; (f) inverse imaging^[97]

Fig. 15. Quantum imaging applications. (a) Single-photon imager^[103]; (b) superconducting nanowire array^[104]; (c) embedding phase^[105]; (d) information security^[106]; (e) quantum imaging protocol^[108]; (f) noise-resilient^[111]