Fig. 1. Based on NIR-II 2D fluorescence imaging, analyze the venous network and radial artery blood flow parameters at the surgical site to simulate postoperative outcomes

Fig. 2. Measurements of postoperative vascular diameters in patients, some blood vessels were not visible on ultrasound under pressure

Fig. 3. Image resolution improvement through artificial intelligence method. (a)(b) ICG NIR-II images of vessels; (c)(d) NIR-IIb high-resolution images of vessels after spectral shift generative adversarial network processing

Fig. 4. During the process of freeing the forearm cephalic vein, parallel similar veins can be seen during surgery. By observing the drainage of the cephalic vein through NIR-II angiography, we can judge that one vein originates from the dorsal side of the hand as the main trunk of the cephalic vein, and the other originates from a communicating branch on the palmar side, connecting the cephalic vein and the basilic vein. (a) The main trunk cannot be adequately displayed by ultrasound; (b) superficial vascular network imaged by NIR-II; (c) intraoperative view