Fig. 1. Three conformations of 1DPCs. (a) Perfect infinite 1DPCs; (b) 1DPCs with internal defects; (c) 1DPCs with face defects

Fig. 2. Coupled excitation modes for BSW^[41]. (a) Prism coupling; (b) grating coupling

Fig. 3. 1DPCs energy band structure and BSW dispersion curves and optical field distribution. (a) MATLAB numerical calculation results of the energy band structure; (b) Rsoft simulation results of the energy band structure; (c)(d) light field distribution patterns at two points on the dispersion curve of BSW

Fig. 4. Schematic diagram of prism-coupled BSW for biosensing

Fig. 5. Early validation of BSW sensors. (a) Results of theoretical analysis by Villa team^[55-56]; (b) comparison of the performance of BSW and SPR sensors^[58]; (c) experimental validation by Giorgis team^[57-58]

Fig. 6. Diverse applications of BSW in biosensing. (a) Peak shifts for different concentrations of biotin biotin^[59]; (b) BSW-based sensors for protein aggregation detection^[43]; (c) surface-label-free sensing scheme based on luminescent/fluorescent multilayer structures^[60]; (d) BSW/BSSW biosensors coupled with porous silicon gratings^[61]

Fig. 7. BSW on fiber optic platforms. (a) Novel 1D photonic bandgap sensor based on D-type fiber^[62]; (b) novel fiber optic sensor based on omnidirectional reflective bands of BSW^[63]; (c) novel method for excitation of BSW on tapered fibers^[64]

Fig. 8. Optimization of BSW devices from the physical mechanism perspective. (a) BSW biosensor sensitivity versus grating constant^[65]; (b) optimization of sensing performance of BSW biosensors using angular sensitivity^[66]

Fig. 9. Biosensors for BSW based on novel materials. (a) 1DPCs structure introduced with atomic layer thickness of transition metal dihalide compounds (TMDC) materials for BSW sensors^[67]; (b) LiNbO₃ grating-coupled birefringent BSW sensors^[68]

Fig. 10. Wavelength detection method. (a) Schematic diagram of detection device^[31]; (b) detection spectral analysis^[69]

Fig. 11. Angular detection method^[73]. (a) Schematic diagram of detection device; (b)(c) detection spectral analysis

Fig. 12. Phase detection method^[77]. (a) Schematic diagram of detection device; (b) phase offset at different concentrations of NaCl solution; (c) phase response at different excitation wavelengths; (d) sensitivity of phase response

Fig. 13. G-H shift detection method. (a) Schematic diagram of experimental setup^[82]; (b)(c) G-H shift enhanced by BSW^[80]

Fig. 14. Application of BSW in other fields (Ⅰ). (a) Fluorescence radiation enhancement^[84]; (b) enhanced Raman scattering^[85]; (c) optical focusing^[86]; (d) plane lens^[87]

Fig. 15. Application of BSW in other fields (Ⅱ). (a) Waveguide-on-a-chip devices^[91]; (b) particle manipulation^[92]; (c) nonlinear enhancement^[94]; (d) high-Q lasers^[95]

Fig. 16. Combination of metasurface and BSW. (a) Low-loss photonic integrated elements based on BSW^[96]; (b) integrated diffraction gratings on the BSW platform^[97]; (c) strongly coupled quasi-BICs based on BSW^[98]; (d) strongly enhanced light‒matter interactions in monolayer WS₂ based on BSW^[100]