This article presents a systematic review of the physical mechanisms underlying symmetry-breaking-induced optical Bloch surface waves in one-dimensional photonic crystals and their applications in optical sensing, while exploring an artificial intelligence-driven collaborative design paradigm. The disruption of translational symmetry in one-dimensional photonic crystals through surface truncation enables the formation of localized surface states within the photonic bandgap, generating optical Bloch surface waves with subwavelength confinement characteristics. This mode enhances electromagnetic fields beyond conventional diffraction limits through interface evanescent field effects, thereby substantially increasing surface energy density and light?matter interaction efficiency. Through the application of transfer matrix methodology and photonic band theory, this paper examines the fundamental relationship between optical Bloch surface wave dispersion characteristics and localized field enhancement, with theoretical models validated through rigorous coupled-wave analysis and finite element simulation methods. The study establishes a comprehensive design framework for label-free optical Bloch surface wave biosensors, evaluating critical performance metrics including quality factor, sensitivity, and detection limits. Additionally, the paper discusses significant advances in optical Bloch surface waves across various applications, including nonlinear optical enhancement, micro-nano photonics manipulation, high-Q microcavity lasers, and on-chip interconnect devices. The conclusion offers insights into optimizing optical Bloch surface wave-based biosensor performance through artificial intelligence integration, providing theoretical foundations and technical pathways for advancing photonic sensor systems.