Fig. 1. Geometric model of the ISAL

Fig. 2. Flow chart of the NM－PSO imaging algorithm

Fig. 3. Target model of the simulation experiment

Fig. 4. Distance image and two－dimensional imaging results obtained by different algorithms. (a) Uncompensation；(b) uncompensation－PSO; (c) cross－correlation method; (d) cross－correlation method and PSO; (e) NM simplex; (f) NM－PSO

Fig. 5. Velocity estimation error

Fig. 6. Parameter estimation results. (a) Parameter estimation error; (b) distribution of acceleration particles

Fig. 7. Two－dimensional imaging results and entropy distribution. (a) PGA algorithm；(b) NM simplex method; (c) PSO algorithm

Fig. 8. Experimental results of shot noise. (a) IE; (b) NM simplex method; (c) PSO algorithm

Fig. 9. Experimental results of phase noise. (a) IE; (b) NM simplex method; (c) PSO algorithm