As an emerging precision particle manufacturing technology, microfluidic technology harnesses the unique microfluidic phenomena in microscale environments to achieve continuous and reproducible production of micro/nanoparticles. This review systematically summarizes the structural design principles and operational characteristics of common microfluidic channels, elaborates on recent advances in particle-based drug delivery systems, and highlights its advantages in controlling particle size, manipulating structures, and enhancing process efficiency. Furthermore, this review explores industrialization strategies, technical challenges, and future development directions of microfluidic technology, aiming to serve as a reference for the efficient preparation of micro/nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems.