Fig. 1. In the vertical axis, focal adhesions feature a multilaminar architecture: integrin signalling layer, force transduction layer and actin regulatory layer^[23]

Fig. 2. Integrin and N- cadherin dynamically regulate hMSCs cell-ECM and cell-cell adhesion interactions^[29]

Fig. 3. Cell fate determination regulated by surface roughness^[35]

Fig. 4. Micropillar, microgroove, microchannel and micropore topological structures regulate cell behavior. (a) Representative micrographs of ALP-stained cells on pillar arrays and flat surfaces (scale bar: 100 μm)^[39] ; (b) spatial features of the cell streams modulated by the groove depth^[40]; (c) spacing of serrated channels affects the migration velocity of Talin-KO cells (scale bar: 20 μm)^[41]; (d) microwell array regulates proliferation and transcription of hair follicle stem cells, where the left images are the microwell plate (scale bar: 2 mm) and right images show protein expressions in spheroid-cultured hair follicle stem cells (scale bar: 200 μm)^[42]

Fig. 5. Scheme of electromagnetic formation mechanisms of LIPSS^[48] ( The laser radiation (red) impacts the sample from the top)

Fig. 6. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of laser-induced periodic surface structure (LIPSS) and fluorescence images showing cell regulation behavior of LIPSS. (a) SEM images of nanowires and nanoslots fabricated on SU-8 photoresist spun on quartz substrate based on LIPSS method (scale bar: 400 nm) ^[49]; (b) SEM image of the arrays of 10×10 holes at the surface of fused silica (scale bar: 5 μm)^[50]; (c1) SEM images of titanium substrates^[51]; (c2) histological analysis with fluorescence immunocytochemistry of bone marrow stromal cell on planar substrates (left) or linear and fluted substrates (right)^[51]; (d) field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) images of the fabricated nanopatterned surfaces with different LIPSS orientations^[52]; (d2) mesenchymal stem cell distribution (illustration: top view of the LIPSS nanostructured micrometric patterns fabricated on stainless steel)^[52]

Fig. 7. Schematics of one-photon and two-photon absorption^[57]. (a) Absorption energy comparison between one-photon in the presence of UV light and two-photon in the presence of near-infrared light; (b) schematic diagrams of excitation volume under one-photon excitation (i) and two-photon excitation (ii)

Fig. 8. Carbazole-based anion ionic water-soluble two-photon initiator for achieving 3D hydrogel structures by TPP^[63]. (a) Materials used in water-soluble photoresist and the schematic of femtosecond laser TPP optical setup; (b) SEM images of 3D hydrogel scaffold, imitated coronavirus, flowering blossom and turtle microstructures; (c) bright-field images and laser confocal fluorescence microscopy images of cobweb, scaffold, and honeycomb 3D hydrogels co-cultured with L929 cells at different fluorescence channels (scale bar: 100 µm)

Fig. 9. A hyaluronic acid vinyl ester 3D hydrogel scaffold with 22 nm resolution by TPP^[64]. (a) SEM images of hydrogel nanolines fabricated by TPP; (b) 3D structure design model and SEM images of hydrogel structures fabricated by TPP; (c) cytotoxicity verification of the P2CK initiator

Fig. 10. Multi-beam TPP for fast fabrication of large area 3D periodic structures^[67]. (a) Schematic representation of the TPP experimental setup based on a stage scanning system and a femtosecond laser; (b) SEM micrograph of a 3D structure detail; (c)‒(d) study of voxel extend in the z-direction, the horizontal line separation is changed from 7 µm (c) to 10 µm (d); (e) combined confocal and optical transmission microscopy images of HeLa cells incubated on gold-coated 3D microstructure for 24 h and 120 h

Fig. 11. Applications of laser fabricated topological structures in cellular microenvironment. (a) Multi-foci laser polymerization setup, fabricated cell culture substrate, and confocal images of MSCs cultured on scaffolds (scale bar: 90 μm)^[68] ;(b) immunofluorescence images of spatially controlled Smad signal by micropatterned BMP-2 (scale bar: 20 μm)^[69]

Fig. 12. Applications of laser fabricated topological structures in cell guidance and localization. (a) Confocal microscopy image of HDFs undergoing 3D migration within a RGDS patterned region inside a collagenase-sensitive PEG hydrogel (scale bar: 100 μm)^[70]; (b) morphology of cells after 1 d and 7 d of placement on laser formed samples and organization of the actin cytoskeleton in MG-63 cells cultivated for 24 h on nano/micro textured samples^[71]; (c) fluorescence microscopy images of bone marrow stem cells adhering on control substrates and as-sintered, polished and patterned β-TCP substrates^[72]; (d) phase-contrast images of photomasks, phase-contrast images of micropatterns, phase-contrast microscopy images of patterned hMSCs, and staining images of FAs in micropatterned hMSCs^[73] (scale bar: 50 μm)

Fig. 13. Applications of laser fabricated topological structures in cell proliferation and differentiation, and tissue repair and regeneration. (a) Trichrome staining of flat and ridged samples at the time of grafting and post-grafting, ridged samples display a longer dermal-epidermal junction with significantly increased collagen deposition and densification (scale bar: 100 μm) ^[74]; (b) SEM images of VSMC bionic surface patterns machined with different parameters and the re-endothelialization process after stent implantation^[75]; (c) adhesion, differentiation, and alignment of cells on the structures consisting of single arrays at different distances^[76] ; (d) growth and migration of HSF cells on BC and RGDS-MPBC, secretion of HSF cells on the surface of RGDS-MPBC and in RGDS-MPBC, representative photographs of skin tissue regeneration during a period of 4 weeks^[77]