Fig. 1. Flow chart of ICSO-SVM algorithm

Fig. 2. Fluorescence spectrum of methanol. (a) Three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum; (b) contour map of solution

Fig. 3. Fluorescence spectra of oestrone, estradiol, and estriol solutions. (a) Three-dimensional fluorescence spectra; (b) contour maps of solution

Fig. 4. Fluorescence spectra of different mixed solutions. (a) Three-dimensional fluorescence spectra; (b) contour maps of solution

Fig. 5. Fitness curves of two optimization algorithms. (a) ICSO-SVM fitness curve; (b) PSO-SVM fitness curve

Fig. 6. Sample classification results of two optimization algorithms. (a) ICSO-SVM sample classification; (b)PSO-SVM sample classification