Shielding design of a megawatt-scale heat pipe reactor core

Fig. 11. Calculation results for the shadow shielding model (a) Neutron fluence in the safety plane, (b) Photon dose in the safety plane, (c) Neutron fluence changes with axial coordinates, (d) Photon dose changes with axial coordinates

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Fig. 12. Structure of optimized shielding design

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Fig. 13. Calculation results for the shielding model under full-power operating conditions (a) Neutron fluence in the safety plane, (b) Photon dose in the safety plane, (c) Neutron fluence changes with axial coordinates, (d) Photon dose changes with axial coordinates

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Fig. 14. Calculation results for the shielding model after shutdown (a) Change in maximum dose rate in the safety plane with time, (b) Dose rate in the safety plane after 15 d of shutdown, (c) Dose rate in the safety plane after 15 d of shutdown, (d) Change in dose rate with axial coordinates after 15 d of shutdown

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Table 1. Overall design parameters of UPR-s

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Table 1. Overall design parameters of UPR-s

参数Parameter	数值Value
热功率Thermal Power / MWth	1
寿期Life / a	5
热管数目Number of heat pipe	109
燃料棒数目Number of fuel rod	480
富集度Enrichment / %	73/55/19.75
三种UO₂燃料棒数目Number of three UO₂ fuel rod	332/108/40
活性区基体材料Active zone matrix material	Mo-0.59W-0.31Ti-0.11Zr-0.01C
上下反射层材料Upper and bottom reflector material	BeO
保温层厚度Thickness of insulation layer / mm	3.3
滑动反射层/控制棒数目Number of sliding reflector/ Control rod	4/4
滑动反射层反射体（跟随体）材料Sliding reflector (follower) material	BeO (Stainless steel)
安全棒反射体（跟随体）材料Safety rod reflector (follower) material	BeO (B₄C)
燃料区外围区域反射层材料Fuel region reflector material	Be
反射层外部材料Material outside reflector	B₄C
活性区体积Volume of active region / L	93.61
活性区高度Height of active region / mm	450
反应堆高度Height of reactor / mm	900
反射层外径Outer radius of reflector / mm	960
反应堆外径Outer radius of reactor / mm	1 000

Table 2. Sizes and materials of different regions

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Table 2. Sizes and materials of different regions

区域 Regions	尺寸 Sizes / cm	材料 Materials	体积占比 Volume ratio / %
活性区（含热管） Active zone (including heat pipe)	Φ25.73×H45	73 wt% UO₂	17.45
		55 wt% UO₂	5.68
		19.75 wt% UO₂	2.10
		氦气Helium	0.86
		钼合金Molybdenum alloy	36.87
		Na	10.36
		Haynes233	13.34
		真空Vacuum	13.33
上（下）轴向反射层 Upper (lower) axial reflector	Φ25.73×H22.5 -热管Heat pipe	BeO	92.80
上（下）轴向反射层 Upper (lower) axial reflector	Φ25.73×H22.5 -热管Heat pipe	钼合金Molybdenum alloy	7.20
径向反射层 Radial reflector	Φ48×H90 -Φ25.73×H90	钼合金Molybdenum alloy	0.11
		BeO	23.06
		不锈钢Stainless steel	2.02
		Be	68.75
		真空Vacuum	6.06
径向屏蔽层 Radial shielding	Φ50×H90 -Φ48×H90	B₄C	100.00
热管（从活性区外部伸出建模） Heat pipes (outside the active zone)	Φ1.5×H151.5	Na	27.98
		Haynes233	36.02
		真空Vacuum	36.00
温差发电（区域中心与活性区中心距离为139.5 cm） Thermoelectric power generation (the distance between the center of the area and the center of the active zone is 139.5 cm)	X45×Y49.5×Z114 -热管Heat pipe	Al	74.16
		H₂O	6.02
		真空Vacuum	19.82
仪器打混 Instrument mix	—	不锈钢Stainless steel	10.00
仪器打混 Instrument mix	—	真空Vacuum	90.00

Table 3. Candidate shielding materials

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Table 3. Candidate shielding materials

材料Material	作用Function	密度Density / g·cm^-3
碳化硼B₄C	中子屏蔽Neutron shielding	2.22
水Water	中子屏蔽Neutron shielding	1.00
铍Be	中子屏蔽Neutron shielding	1.85
聚乙烯Polyethylene	中子屏蔽Neutron shielding	0.96
氢化锂LiH	中子屏蔽Neutron shielding	0.82
钨Wolfram	光子屏蔽Photon shielding	19.35
铅Lead	光子屏蔽Photon shielding	11.34
不锈钢Stainless steel	光子屏蔽Photon shielding	7.80

Table 4. Calculation results for the candidate materials

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Table 4. Calculation results for the candidate materials

材料 Material	安全平面的累积快中子注量最大值 Maximum cumulative fast neutron fluence in the safety plane / n·cm^-2	安全平面的累积光子剂量最大值 Maximum cumulative photon dose at the safety plane / rad	屏蔽总重量（加后端聚乙烯） Total weight of shielding plus rear end polyethylene / kg	堆芯加屏蔽重量 Core and shielding weight / kg
无（真空）None (vacuum)	8.31×10¹³	7.42×10⁶	755.55	2 603.80
碳化硼B₄C	3.27×10¹¹	5.18×10⁵	1 998.51	3 846.76
水Water	4.78×10¹¹	1.49×10⁶	1 315.44	3 163.70
铍Be	4.57×10¹¹	1.39×10⁶	1 791.35	3 639.60
聚乙烯Polyethylene	2.22×10¹¹	1.53×10⁶	1 294.17	3 142.42
氢化锂LiH	1.93×10¹¹	1.57×10⁶	1 214.66	3 062.91
钨Wolfram	3.56×10¹¹	4.78×10⁴	11 589.44	13 437.69
铅Lead	1.18×10¹³	1.49×10⁶	7 106.79	8 955.04
不锈钢Stainless steel	6.78×10¹²	7.36×10⁵	5 124.49	6 972.74

Table 5. Calculation results for the two composite shielding models

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Table 5. Calculation results for the two composite shielding models

材料Material

安全平面的累积快

中子注量最大值

Maximum cumulative fast neutron

fluence in the safety plane

/ n·cm^-2

安全平面的累积

光子剂量最大值

Maximum cumulative

photon dose at the safety

plane / rad

屏蔽总重量

（加后端聚乙烯）

Total weight of shielding

plus rear end polyethylene

/ kg

堆芯加屏蔽重量

Core and shielding

weight / kg

Poly-LiH-W

1.80×10¹¹

9.47×10⁴

2 561.76

4 410.02

LiH-Poly-W

1.86×10¹¹

8.34×10⁴

2 608.61

4 456.86

Table 6. Parameters of the optimized shielding design

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Table 6. Parameters of the optimized shielding design

区域 Area	几何尺寸 Geometric size / cm	密度 Density / g·cm^-3	体积 Volume / cm³	数目 Number	重量 Weight / kg
活性区（含热管） Active zone (including heat pipe)	Φ25.73×H45	—	—	—	堆芯重量1 848.25 Weight of the core
上（下）轴向反射层 Upper (lower) axial reflector	Φ25.73×H22.5 -热管Heat pipe	—	—	—
径向反射层 Radial reflector	Φ48×H90 -Φ25.73×H90	—	—	—
径向屏蔽层 Radial shielding	Φ50×H90 -Φ48×H90	—	—	—
热管（从活性区外部伸出建模） Heat pipes (outside the active zone)	Φ1.5×H151.5	—	—	109	不计热管重量 Not count the weight of heat pipes
前端钨 Front wolfram	Φ50×H0.7 -Φ25.73×H0.7	19.35	4 041.90	2	156.42
前端聚乙烯 Front Polyethylene	Φ25.73×H0.7 -热管Heat pipe	0.962	1 183.75	2	2.28
聚乙烯① Polyethylene①	R₁25.73×R₂50×H13.6 -热管Heat pipe	0.962	58 068.20	2	111.72
水① Water①	Φ50×H3.6 -热管Heat pipe	1	26 874.75	2	53.75
不锈钢套管① Stainless steel sleeve①	Φ50×H4.2 -Φ50×H3.6 -热管Heat pipe	7.80	4 479.13	2	69.90
聚乙烯② Polyethylene②	R₁50×R₂25.73×H14.3 -热管Heat pipe	0.962	61 057.01	2	117.47
水② Water②	Φ50×H3.6 -热管Heat pipe	1	26 874.75	2	53.75
不锈钢套管② Stainless Steel Sleeve②	Φ50×H4.2 -Φ50×H3.6 -热管Heat pipe	7.80	4 479.13	2	69.90
后端钨 Back end wolfram	Φ50×H0.5 -热管Heat pipe	19.35	3 732.60	2	144.45
温差发电（区域中心与活性区中心距离为139.5 cm） Thermoelectric power generation (the distance between the center of the area and the center of the active zone is 139.5 cm)	X45×Y49.5×Z114 -热管Heat pipe	—	—	—	不计 Not count
后端聚乙烯（壳体内） Back end polyethylene (inside the shell)	Φ50×H15	0.962	117 809.72	2	226.67
后端聚乙烯（壳体外） Back end polyethylene (outside the shell)	Φ100×H4 -Φ75×H4	0.962	54 977.87	2	105.78
内壳体 Inner shell	Φ110×H550 -Φ100×H540	—	—	—	不计 Not count
外壳体 Outer shell	Φ150×H550 -Φ140×H550	—	—	—	不计 Not count
海水（双壳体内） Sea water (in double shell)	Φ140×H550 -Φ110×H550	—	—	—	不计 Not count
海水（舱室外） Sea water (outside the cabin)	X240×Y240×Z640 -Φ200×H640	—	—	—	不计 Not count
仪器打混 Instrument mix	其他区域 Other areas	—	—	—	不计 Not count
总和Sum	X240×Y240×Z640	—	—	—	2 960.35

Table 7. Shielding performance of the heat pipe nuclear reactor

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Table 7. Shielding performance of the heat pipe nuclear reactor

满功率运行时安全平面

的累积快中子注量

Cumulative fast neutron fluence in the safety plane under

full-power operation

/ n·cm^-2

满功率运行时安全

平面的累积光子剂量

Cumulative photon dose

in the safety plane under

full-power operation

/ rad

停堆条件下，阴影区

总剂量率

Total dose rate in the

shaded area under

shutdown conditions

/ mSv·h^-1

堆芯加屏蔽重量

Core and shielding

weight / kg

设计要求

Design requirements

≤ 10¹²

≤ 10⁶

≤ 0.007 50

≤ 3 000.00

最终方案

Final scheme

9.48×10¹¹

(maximum)

7.29×10⁵

(maximum)

0.004 49

(maximum)

2 960.35

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Yongping WANG, Yushan TAO, Yunqin WU, Youqi ZHENG, Xianan DU. Shielding design of a megawatt-scale heat pipe reactor core[J]. NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES, 2023, 46(2): 020606

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Paper Information

Category: Research Articles

Received: Aug. 11, 2022

Accepted: --

Published Online: Mar. 2, 2023

The Author Email: ZHENG Youqi (yqzheng@xjtu.edu.cn)

DOI:10.11889/j.0253-3219.2023.hjs.46.020606

Topics

laser devices and laser physics

Lasers and Laser Optics

Laser physics

laser manufacturing

Instrumentation, Measurement and Metrology