The exponentially increasing pending information volumes in the era of artificial intelligence require digital computer with higher energy efficiency. Thus, it is urgent to develop new computer technologies to address this challenge in the post Moore era. Inspired by the parallel brain's computing architecture, synaptic analogues based on the integrated storage and computing architecture is considered as an effective technology to solve the traditional von Neumann bottleneck. Our article highlights the memristive mechanism of neuromorphic devices, and also categorizes and interprets recent research works on synaptic devices according to programming modes. Besides, based on device properties makes a introduction of their potential applications in perceptual simulation or other aspects. Finally, the key technical challenges faced by current neuromorphic devices are summarized, and their future development prospects are prospected.