Two-photon 3D printed fiber-optic Fabry–Perot probe for triaxial contact force detection of guidewire tips

Ruixue Yin; Yuhang Yang; Linsong Hou; Heming Wei; Hongbo Zhang; Wenjun Zhang

doi:10.1364/PRJ.525651

Photonics Research, Volume. 12, Issue 11, 2474(2024)

Two-photon 3D printed fiber-optic Fabry–Perot probe for triaxial contact force detection of guidewire tips

Ruixue Yin^1,2、†, Yuhang Yang^1、†, Linsong Hou³, Heming Wei^3、*, Hongbo Zhang¹, and Wenjun Zhang⁴

¹Shanghai Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing and Detection, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China

²National Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai) SHU Branch, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China

³Key Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Optical Access Networks, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China

⁴Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N5A9, Canada

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Fig. 1. (a) Concept diagram of a triaxial force sensor integrated into a medical guidewire for contact force monitoring. (b) Cross-sectional view of the designed triaxial force sensor integrated into the guidewire tip. (c) Sensor and guidewire integration process. (d) Force-induced deformation of circular diaphragm and schematic diagram of optical interference in a single FPI microcavity.

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Fig. 2. Three-axis force decoupling model. (a) Sensor indication when the directional force Fz acts. (b) Sensor indication when the radial force Fx acts. (c) Space force resolution indication. (d) Microluminal and microcolumn position indication.

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Fig. 3. (a) Deformation results of the sensor film when axial force (F=0.5 N) is applied to the sensor tip with different film thicknesses. (b) Deformation results of the sensor film when axial force (F=0.5 N) is applied to the sensor tip of micropillars with different diameters. (c) Displacements of various points along the central axis of the diaphragm’s lower surface under different forces. (d) Relationship between diaphragm center displacement and force.

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Fig. 4. (a) Diaphragm displacement against applied force Fz. (b) Diaphragm displacement against applied force Fn. (c) Waveform offset plot. (d) Peak wavelength versus applied force.

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Fig. 5. (a) Schematic diagram of the principle of two-photon 3D printing. (b) SEM image of the actual TPP of the designed sensor. (c) Steps for integrating the designed sensor and guidewire.

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Fig. 6. Force measurement system schematic.

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Fig. 7. (a) Spectral changes in the four interference cavities when the sensor is subjected to axial stress. (b) Relationship between the spectral displacement and force of the four interference cavities when an axial force is applied. (c) Spectral changes of the four interference cavities when the sensor is acted upon by a 45° spatial force. (d) Relationship between the spectral displacement and the force of the four interference cavities when a 45° spatial force is applied. (e) Verification of the spectral shift characteristics of a single cavity length of the sensor when force is applied and released. (f) Repeat test results.

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Fig. 8. (a) Relationship between the wavelength shifts of each interference cavity under the action of axial force Fz. (b) Relationship between the wavelength shifts of each interference cavity under the action of radial force Fx.

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Table 1. Detailed Parameters of the Components of the Sensor

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Table 1. Detailed Parameters of the Components of the Sensor

Component	Young’s Modulus	Poisson Ratio	Material
Guidewire shaft core	194 GPa	0.29	304 stainless-steel
Optical fiber	72 GPa	0.17	Silica
Hemispherical guidewire tip	3.3 GPa	0.35	Epoxy resin
Fabry–Perot interference force sensing structure [38]	1.05 GPa	0.33	Photoresist

Table 2. Sensor Force Measurement Error Statistics

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Table 2. Sensor Force Measurement Error Statistics

Standard Working Curve Estimated Force (N)	Actual Measured Force and Error (N)
0	$0.01628 \pm 0.00672$
0.05413	$0.05421 \pm 0.00858$
0.1036	$0.0931 \pm 0.00649$
0.15337	$0.1372 \pm 0.01665$
0.20207	$0.18043 \pm 0.0286$
0.2502	$0.22769 \pm 0.0184$
0.2994	$0.27993 \pm 0.0139$
0.35213	$0.32529 \pm 0.01419$
0.40113	$0.38045 \pm 0.01781$
0.4517	$0.45403 \pm 0.00345$
0.50127	$0.51884 \pm 0.01109$

Table 3. Sensor Performance

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Table 3. Sensor Performance

Property	Parameter Size
Sensor diameter	$Ø$ 0.89 mm (0.035 in.)
Working range of each channel	$0 - 0.5 N (0 - 50 g)$
Sensitivity of each channel	$85.115797 \pm 3.68917 nm / N$
Resolution	0.2355 mN
Linearity	98.34%

Table 4. Comparison of Force Sensors for Minimally Invasive Surgeries

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Table 4. Comparison of Force Sensors for Minimally Invasive Surgeries

Sensing Principle	Dimension	Sensitivity	Detection Limit	Size	Reference
Piezoresistive type	3D	$1.34 \times 10^{- 3} (Δ R / R) μm$	5 mN	360 μm	[40]
	3D	$1.0 \times 10^{- 2} (Δ R / R) μm$	25 gf	360 μm	[41]
	3D	$0.02 N^{- 1}$	0.35 N	3.5 mm	[42]
Magnetic type	3D	13.3 V/N	0.12 N	5 mm	[18]
Fiber type: FBG	3D	392.17 pm/N	5 N	5 mm	[43]
	3D	383.79 pm/N	5 N	10 mm	[20]
	3D	418.955 pm/N	0.8 N	4 mm	[19]
Fiber type: FPI	1D	23.37 nm/N	1000 Pa	4 mm	[44]
Fiber type: FPI	3D	85.16 nm/N	0.5 N	890 μm	This work

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Ruixue Yin, Yuhang Yang, Linsong Hou, Heming Wei, Hongbo Zhang, Wenjun Zhang, "Two-photon 3D printed fiber-optic Fabry–Perot probe for triaxial contact force detection of guidewire tips," Photonics Res. 12, 2474 (2024)

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Paper Information

Category: Fiber Optics and Optical Communications

Received: Apr. 11, 2024

Accepted: Jul. 31, 2024

Published Online: Oct. 17, 2024

The Author Email: Heming Wei (hmwei@shu.edu.cn)

DOI:10.1364/PRJ.525651

Topics

laser devices and laser physics

Lasers and Laser Optics

Laser physics

laser manufacturing

Instrumentation, Measurement and Metrology