In this study, we present the design of an integrated polarization optical sensor based on a dielectric metasurface. The sensor consists of a dielectric metasurface, double-layer field diaphragm, and complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor. We first design a dielectric metasurface to decompose incident light into six orthogonal polarized components. We next analyze the optical path structure of the sensor and fabricated a micro-nano-processed double-layer field diaphragm to eliminate ambient stray light. We then construct a sensor alignment platform and completed the preparation process for the sensor on this platform. Finally, we calibrate and test the sensor. Following calibration, the measurement error of the full Stokes parameter is ±0.15, and the polarization angle error is ±0.3°. The sensor has the advantages of being small in size and multi-directional as well as having the ability to measure all Stokes parameters.