[1] G. M. Hirschfield, E. J. Heathcote, M. E. Gershwin. Pathogenesis of cholestatic liver disease and therapeutic approaches. Gastroenterology, 139, 1481-1496(2010).

[2] M. Strazzabosco, L. Fabris, C. Spirli. Pathophysiology of cholangiopathies. J. Clin. Gastroenterol., 39, S90-S102(2005).

[3] Z. Liu, M. Xu, S. Huang. Mesoscale visualization of three-dimensional microvascular architecture and immunocyte distribution in intact mouse liver lobes. Theranostics, 12, 5418-5433(2022).

[4] S. P. Monga. Molecular Pathology of Liver Diseases(2011).

[5] E. Kuntz. Hepatology Principles and Practice: History, Morphology, Biochemistry, Diagnostics, Clinic, Therapy(2006).

[6] F. Kiernan, J. H. Green. The anatomy and physiology of the liver. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., 123, 711-770(1833).

[7] L. Lu, Chinese Society. Guidelines for the management of cholestatic liver diseases (2021). J. Clin. Transl. Hepatol., 10, 757-769(2022).

[8] S. Hasegawa, M. Yoneda, Y. Kurita. Cholestatic liver disease: current treatment strategies and new therapeutic agents. Drugs, 81, 1181-1192(2021).

[9] K. K. Maguire, L. Lim, S. Speedy. Assessment of disease activity in muscular dystrophies by noninvasive imaging. J. Clin. Invest., 123, 2298-2305(2013).

[10] A. P. Dhawan, B. D’Alessandro, X. Fu. Optical imaging modalities for biomedical applications. IEEE Rev. Biomed. Eng., 3, 69-92(2010).

[11] L. V. Wang, S. Hu. Photoacoustic tomography: in vivo imaging from organelles to organs. Science, 335, 1458-1462(2012).

[12] J. Lv, H. Lan, A. Qin. Dynamic synthetic-scanning photoacoustic tracking monitors hepatic and renal clearance pathway of exogeneous probes in vivo. Light, 13, 304(2024).

[13] F. Knieling, J. G. Menezes, J. Claussen. Raster-scanning optoacoustic mesoscopy for gastrointestinal imaging at high resolution. Gastroenterology, 154, 807-809.e3(2018).

[14] M. Hajfathalian, C. R. de Vries, J. C. Hsu. Theranostic gold-in-gold cage nanoparticles enable photothermal ablation and photoacoustic imaging in biofilm-associated infection models. J. Clin. Invest., 133, e168485(2023).

[15] G. Huang, J. Lv, Y. He. In vivo quantitative photoacoustic evaluation of the liver and kidney pathology in tyrosinemia. Photoacoustics, 28, 100410(2022).

[16] T. Sun, J. Lv, X. Zhao. In vivo liver function reserve assessments in alcoholic liver disease by scalable photoacoustic imaging. Photoacoustics, 34, 100569(2023).

[17] S. Park, F. J. Brooks, U. Villa. Normalization of optical fluence distribution for three-dimensional functional optoacoustic tomography of the breast. J. Biomed. Opt., 27, 036001(2022).

[18] J. Lv, Y. Xu, L. Xu. Quantitative functional evaluation of liver fibrosis in mice with dynamic contrast-enhanced photoacoustic imaging. Radiology, 300, 89-97(2021).

[19] F. Wang, Y. Zhong, O. Bruns. In vivo NIR-II fluorescence imaging for biology and medicine. Nat. Photonics, 18, 535-547(2024).

[20] E. M. Sevick-Muraca, S. Kwon, J. C. Rasmussen. Emerging lymphatic imaging technologies for mouse and man. J. Clin. Invest., 124, 905-914(2014).

[21] Z. Hu, C. Fang, B. Li. First-in-human liver-tumour surgery guided by multispectral fluorescence imaging in the visible and near-infrared-I/II windows. Nat. Biomed. Eng., 4, 259-271(2020).

[22] L. Kennedy, G. Carpino, T. Owen. Secretin alleviates biliary and liver injury during late-stage primary biliary cholangitis via restoration of secretory processes. J. Hepatol., 78, 99-113(2023).

[23] H. Li, Y. Guan, C. Han. The pathogenesis, models and therapeutic advances of primary biliary cholangitis. Biomed. Pharmacother., 140, 111754(2021).

[24] M. K. Li, J. M. Crawford. The pathology of cholestasis. Seminars in Liver Disease, 21-42(2004).

[25] L. Li, L. Zhu, C. Ma. Single-impulse panoramic photoacoustic computed tomography of small-animal whole-body dynamics at high spatiotemporal resolution. Nat. Biomed. Eng., 1, 71(2017).

[26] N. Brillant, M. Elmasry, N. C. Burton. Dynamic and accurate assessment of acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity by integrated photoacoustic imaging and mechanistic biomarkers in vivo. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 332, 64-74(2017).

[27] F. Cao, Z. Qiu, H. Li. Photoacoustic imaging in oxygen detection. Appl. Sci., 7, 1262(2017).

[28] S. Liu, R. Zhang, T. Han. Validation of photoacoustic/ultrasound dual imaging in evaluating blood oxygen saturation. Biomed. Opt. Express, 13, 5551-5570(2022).

[29] J. Chen, S. Li, Q. Zhou. Near-infrared II fluorescence imaging highlights tumor angiogenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma with a VEGFR-targeted probe. Small Methods, 9, 2400904(2025).

[30] D. Meijer, B. Weert, G. Vermeer. Pharmacokinetics of biliary excretion in man. VI. Indocyanine green. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 35, 295-303(1988).

[31] G. A. Kullak-Ublick, P. J. Meier. Mechanisms of cholestasis. Clin. Liver Dis., 4, 357-385(2000).

[32] C. Jüngst, T. Berg, J. Cheng. Intrahepatic cholestasis in common chronic liver diseases. Eur. J. Clin. Invest., 43, 1069-1083(2013).

[33] K. Wakabayashi, Z. X. Lian, P. S. Leung. Loss of tolerance in C57BL/6 mice to the autoantigen E2 subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase by a xenobiotic with ensuing biliary ductular disease. Hepatology, 48, 531-540(2008).

[34] Y. M. Ambrosini, G. Yang, W. Zhang. The multi-hit hypothesis of primary biliary cirrhosis: polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) and murine autoimmune cholangitis. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 166, 110-120(2011).

[35] R. Jain, S. Fischer, S. Serra. The use of cytokeratin 19 (CK19) immunohistochemistry in lesions of the pancreas, gastrointestinal tract, and liver. Appl. Immunohistochem. Mol. Morphol., 18, 9-15(2010).

[36] W. Qin, H. Li, J. Chen. Amphiphilic hemicyanine molecular probes crossing the blood-brain barrier for intracranial optical imaging of glioblastoma. Sci. Adv., 11, eadq5816(2025).

[37] W. Li, J. Lv, H. Li. Quantification of vascular remodeling and sinusoidal capillarization to assess liver fibrosis with photoacoustic imaging. Radiology, 314, e241275(2025).

[38] T. E. Walshe, P. A. D’Amore. The role of hypoxia in vascular injury and repair. Annu. Rev. Pathol., 3, 615-643(2008).

[39] L. V. Wang, J. Yao. A practical guide to photoacoustic tomography in the life sciences. Nat. Methods, 13, 627-638(2016).

[40] G. Hong, J. C. Lee, J. T. Robinson. Multifunctional in vivo vascular imaging using near-infrared II fluorescence. Nat. Med., 18, 1841-1846(2012).

[41] J. A. Carr, D. Franke, J. R. Caram. Shortwave infrared fluorescence imaging with the clinically approved near-infrared dye indocyanine green. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 115, 4465-4470(2018).

[42] T. Ishizawa, K. Masuda, Y. Urano. Mechanistic background and clinical applications of indocyanine green fluorescence imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann. Surg. Oncol., 21, 440-448(2014).

[43] P. Ott. Hepatic elimination of indocyanine green with special reference to distribution kinetics and the influence of plasma protein binding. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 83, 1-48(1998).