Fig. 1. Summary of optical imaging technologies and applications discussed in this article^[8,18,24,42] (all images are reprinted with permission, image of corneal endothelial cells was reprinted with permission from Ref. [8] © Optica Publishing Group). (a) Commonly used eye imaging technologies; (b) applications of optical imaging for studying eye structures, functions, and pathologies

Fig. 2. Applications of AO-2PFM for in vivo imaging of the mouse retina^[42,44] （all images are reprinted with permission）. (a) Schematic of AO two-photon fluorescence imaging system based on direct wavefront sensing; (b) application of AO two-photon in imaging retinal subcellular (synaptic) structures; (c) effective range measurement of AO in mouse retinal imaging; (d) precise laser axotomy achieved with AO two-photon

Fig. 3. Applications of optical microscopy for studying glaucoma^[66,68] （all images are reprinted with permission）. (a) Schematic of glaucoma; (b) imaging of the ganglion cell layer in glaucoma patients using AO-OCT; (c) imaging of dendritic structures of fluorescently labeled ganglion cells in glaucoma mice using confocal fluorescence microscopy; (d) in vivo calcium imaging of retinal ganglion cells in glaucoma mice using two-photon fluorescence microscopy and evaluation of insulin's restorative effect on calcium activity under light stimulation, i.e., visual function

Fig. 4. Applications of optical microscopy for studying diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration^[71,73-74] （all images are reprinted with permission）. (a) Schematic illustration of DR; (b) AO-SLO imaging of cone photoreceptors in a healthy subject and two DR patients; (c) microaneurysm imaging using conventional fluorescein angiography and AO-SLO FA; (d) schematic illustration of AMD; (e) AO flood illumination ophthalmoscopy of cone photoreceptors in AMD patients, with Voronoi analysis