Optical microscopic imaging technology can provide subcellular structural and functional information in a non-invasive way, and has gradually become the key technology of basic biological research. As the only window that can directly and noninvasively observe the microvascular and neural structure, the eye is of great significance in the study of visual function, cardiovascular, metabolic, and neurodegenerative diseases. This paper briefly introduces the current commonly used eye imaging technology and its application in the research of eye diseases, analyzes its advantages, limitations and development trend, and discusses the great potential of adaptive optics and artificial intelligence in improving imaging quality and assisting pathological analysis, so as to provide reference for future technology development, basic scientific research, and clinical application.