Fig. 1. LIPSS formation mechanism model. (a) SPP interference model; (b) grating coupling model

Fig. 2. Variation in electron and lattice temperatures with time. (a) 0‒100 ps; (b) magnification drawing in 0‒1 ps

Fig. 3. Variation in scattering frequency with time. (a) Free electron and electron-electron scattering frequencies, illustration is a magnification in 0‒1 ps; (b) electron-phonon scattering frequency

Fig. 4. Variation in transient dielectric constant with time

Fig. 5. Variation in optical properties with time. (a) Refractive index; (b) extinction coefficient; (c) surface reflectance; (d) absorption coefficient

Fig. 6. Variation in LIPSS period with time

Fig. 7. Relationship between LIPSS period and refractive index and extinction coefficient. (a) Extinction coefficient; (b) refractive index

Fig. 8. Relationship between LIPSS period and electron-electron scattering frequency and electron-phonon scattering frequency. (a) Electron-electron scattering frequency; (b) electron-phonon scattering frequency

Fig. 9. Variation in real part of dielectric constant and LIPSS period with time under different energy densities of laser. (a) Real part of dielectric constant; (b) LIPSS period