Electrochemical Anodic Dissolution Characteristics and Polishing Behavior Analysis of LDEDed 316L Stainless Steel in Different Forming Directions

Guolong Wu; Yujie Huang; Zhenzhen Yang; Ye Wang; Liang Wang; Jianhua Yao

doi:10.3788/CJL250491

Chinese Journal of Lasers, Volume. 52, Issue 12, 1202204(2025)

Electrochemical Anodic Dissolution Characteristics and Polishing Behavior Analysis of LDEDed 316L Stainless Steel in Different Forming Directions

Guolong Wu^1,2,3, Yujie Huang^1,2,3, Zhenzhen Yang^1,2,3, Ye Wang^1,2,3, Liang Wang^1,2,3, and Jianhua Yao^1,2,3、*

Author Affiliations

¹College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, Zhejiang , China

²Institute of Laser Advanced Manufacturing, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, Zhejiang , China

³Collaborative Innovation Center Jointly Constructed by Provinces and Ministries for High-End Laser Manufacturing Equipment, Hangzhou 310023, Zhejiang , China

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Abstract Get PDF(in Chinese)

Figures & Tables(19)

Fig. 1. Laser directed energy deposition (LDED) system

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Fig. 2. Laser directed energy deposition. (a) Schematic; (b) physical drawing

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Fig. 3. Jet electrochemical polishing device diagram

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Fig. 4. Microstructures of different faces of 316L stainless steel formed by laser directed energy deposition. (a) Front face; (b) top face; (c) side face

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Fig. 5. XRD patterns of three different faces of 316L stainless steel formed by laser directed energy deposition

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Fig. 6. EBSD maps of three faces of 316L stainless steel formed by laser directed energy deposition

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Fig. 7. OCP curves of three different faces of 316L stainless steel formed by laser directed energy deposition and the substrate

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Fig. 8. Tafel polarization curves of three faces of 316L stainless steel formed by laser directed energy deposition and the substrate

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Fig. 9. EIS curves of three faces of 316L stainless steel formed by laser directed energy deposition and the substrate. (a) Nyquist diagram; (b) Bode diagram; (c) equivalent circuit diagram

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Fig. 10. Surface sweep strategy and polished images of three faces. (a) Surface sweep strategy; (b) polished front face image; (c) polished top face image; (d) polished side face image

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Fig. 11. 3D topography. (a) Initial face; (b) polished front face; (c) polished top face; (d) polished side face

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Fig. 12. Metallography and three-dimensional topography of bright and dark zones. (a) Metallographic image of bright zone; (b) three-dimensional topography of bright zone; (c) metallographic image of dark zone; (d) three-dimensional topography of dark zone

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Fig. 13. Forming mechanism of bright and dark regions. (a) Mechanism of jet electrochemical polishing; (b) schematic diagram of light reflection in the dark zone; (c) schematic diagram of light reflection in the bright area

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Fig. 14. SEM micrographs of laser directed energy deposited 316L stainless steel and EDS line scan results. (a) Dark zone of the front face; (b) bright zone of the front face; (c) dark zone of the top face; (d) bright zone of the top face; (e) dark zone of the side face; (f) bright zone of the side face; (g)(h) EDS line scan results

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Table 1. Chemical composition of 316L stainless steel powder
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Table 1. Chemical composition of 316L stainless steel powder
Element Mass fraction /%
C ≤0.03
Si 0.8
Cr 17
Ni 12
Mo 2.5
Mn 1.5
Fe Bal.

Table 2. Laser directed energy deposition parameters
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Table 2. Laser directed energy deposition parameters
Parameter Numerical value
Laser power /W 1500
Scanning speed /（mm/s） 8
Powder feed speed /（g/min） 10.8

Table 3. Polarization curve fitting results of three faces of 316L stainless steel formed by laser directed energy deposition and the substrate

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Table 3. Polarization curve fitting results of three faces of 316L stainless steel formed by laser directed energy deposition and the substrate

Sample	E_corr /mV	I_corr /（μA/cm²）	β_a /（mV/dec）	-β_c /（mV/dec）	R_p /（kΩ·cm²）
Front	-441±15	0.73±0.12	182±21	226±32	60.17±5.86
Top	-489±13	1.00±0.11	199±18	230±12	46.39±2.34
Side	-448±21	0.62±0.12	184±29	221±34	70.59±6.22
Substrate	-520±18	0.81±0.14	174±13	251±15	55.36±2.41

Table 4. EIS fitting results of three faces of 316L stainless steel formed by laser directed energy deposition and the substrate

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Table 4. EIS fitting results of three faces of 316L stainless steel formed by laser directed energy deposition and the substrate

Sample	R_s /（Ω·cm²）	C_p /10^-7	R_p /（10² Ω·cm²）	Y₀ /10^-5	n	R_ct /（kΩ·cm²）	χ²
Front	45.01±3.12	3.39±0.32	1.17±0.18	1.69±0.32	0.73±0.03	71.72±4.33	1.92×10^-3
Top	58.29±2.85	3.11±0.28	1.13±0.13	3.765±0.65	0.71±0.03	70.93±2.61	2.19×10^-3
Side	48.01±1.42	2.27±0.41	1.50±0.16	2.69±0.44	0.69±0.02	85.18±0.87	5.03×10^-4
Substrate	50.04±2.82	2.12±0.13	1.76±0.16	4.07±0.4	0.66±0.03	65.92±3.42	5.65×10^-4

Table 5. EDS point scan results of each point in Fig. 14

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Table 5. EDS point scan results of each point in Fig. 14

Position	Mass fraction /%
Position	Fe	Cr	Ni	Mo	Si
Point 1	61.42	15.55	8.14	10.80	4.09
Point 2	62.91	13.53	9.92	9.02	4.62
Point 3	67.86	12.16	12.93	7.04	0
Point 4	65.72	11.67	12.25	5.93	4.43
Point 5	67.57	12.39	12.56	7.48	0
Point 6	68.00	21.77	5.22	4.32	0.69
Point 7	70.03	15.86	11.35	2.05	0.71
Point 8	70.55	18.08	8.12	2.60	0.65
Point 9	70.12	16.25	10.64	2.34	0.65
Point 10	69.08	20.13	6.92	3.39	0.48
Point 11	70.43	18.11	8.27	2.71	0.48
Point 12	71.35	16.47	9.65	2.03	0.50
Point 13	45.17	45.58	6.48	1.24	1.53
Point 14	70.60	17.46	8.75	2.51	0.68
Point 15	70.79	16.78	9.73	2.14	0.56

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Guolong Wu, Yujie Huang, Zhenzhen Yang, Ye Wang, Liang Wang, Jianhua Yao. Electrochemical Anodic Dissolution Characteristics and Polishing Behavior Analysis of LDEDed 316L Stainless Steel in Different Forming Directions[J]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 2025, 52(12): 1202204

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