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Chinese Journal of Lasers, Volume. 52, Issue 10, 1010002(2025)

Real‑Time Construction of Low‐Altitude Wind Field Based on Fusion of Wind LiDAR and Models

Chao Ren1、**, Jianfei Yu1, Wei Wan2、*, Siqin Zhou2, Hailong Zhu2,3、***, and Xiaokang Shi1
Author Affiliations
  • 1Chinese People’s Liberation Army 93213 Unit, Beijing 100085, China
  • 2Nanjing Movelaser Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu , China
  • 3Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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    AbstractGet PDF(in Chinese)
    Figures&Tables (17)
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    References (30)
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    Figures & Tables(17)
    LiDAR deployment location and scanning range (left), as well as DEM of survey area (right)

    Fig. 1. LiDAR deployment location and scanning range (left), as well as DEM of survey area (right)

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    Physical diagram of the installation of wind speed sensors

    Fig. 2. Physical diagram of the installation of wind speed sensors

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    Construction process of three-dimensional wind field

    Fig. 3. Construction process of three-dimensional wind field

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    Construction process of CFD model

    Fig. 4. Construction process of CFD model

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    Fusion strategies of wind speed and wind direction. (a) Wind speed; (b) wind direction

    Fig. 5. Fusion strategies of wind speed and wind direction. (a) Wind speed; (b) wind direction

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    Wind speed vector maps at different height layers. (a) 60 m; (b) 120 m; (c) 300 m

    Fig. 6. Wind speed vector maps at different height layers. (a) 60 m; (b) 120 m; (c) 300 m

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    Single-sensor wind speed validation results

    Fig. 7. Single-sensor wind speed validation results

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    Single-sensor wind direction validation results

    Fig. 8. Single-sensor wind direction validation results

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    Overall validation results

    Fig. 9. Overall validation results

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    Overall error distribution of wind speed and direction. (a) Wind speed; (b) wind direction

    Fig. 10. Overall error distribution of wind speed and direction. (a) Wind speed; (b) wind direction

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    Validation results of Molas B300-1105

    Fig. 11. Validation results of Molas B300-1105

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    • Table 1. Basic parameters of experimental LiDAR

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      Table 1. Basic parameters of experimental LiDAR

      Product parameterContent
      Molas 3DMolas B300
      Detection principlePulsed coherent laser detectionPulsed coherent laser detection
      Laser wavelength /nm15501550
      Detection range30 m to 10 km30 m to 300 m
      Range resolution /m30， 45， 60， 7530
      Measurement height300 simultaneously12 simultaneously

      Radial wind velocity accuracy

      （standard deviation） /（m/s）

      		≤0.1≤0.1
      Wind speed measurement range /（m/s）0‒600‒75

      Wind speed accuracy

      （standard deviation） /（m/s）

      		≤0.3≤0.3
      Wind direction measurement range /（°）0‒3600‒360

      Wind direction accuracy

      （standard deviation） /（°）

      		≤3≤3
      Weight /kg≤110≤45
      Scanning mode or working modePPI， RHI， DBS， VAD， fixed point and programmed scanDBS

    • Table 2. Sensor height and corresponding fusion grid height

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      Table 2. Sensor height and corresponding fusion grid height

      Sensor

      Sensor

      height /m

      Grids

      height /m

      Difference of

      heights /m

      Sensor 148.1572.63-24.48
      Sensor 269.5372.63-3.10
      Sensor 386.4092.63-6.23
      Sensor 4103.03112.63-9.60
      Sensor 5119.65112.637.02
      Sensor 6137.03132.634.40

    • Table 3. Evaluation indices of single-sensor wind speed validation

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      Table 3. Evaluation indices of single-sensor wind speed validation

      SensorR2MAE /（m/s）RMSE /（m/s）ME /（m/s）
      Sensor 10.68722.8513.3902.846
      Sensor 20.87280.9661.2250.424
      Sensor 30.88621.0731.3090.553
      Sensor 40.89631.0611.2970.325
      Sensor 50.89911.0011.384-0.567
      Sensor 60.91401.1161.465-0.745

    • Table 4. Evaluation indices of single-sensor wind direction validation

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      Table 4. Evaluation indices of single-sensor wind direction validation

      SensorR2MAE /（°）RMSE /（°）ME /（°）
      Sensor 10.928218.74424.9328.594
      Sensor 20.98068.69912.6553.451
      Sensor 30.971210.38115.1193.716
      Sensor 40.970511.12915.2560.793
      Sensor 50.970810.67014.883-0.355
      Sensor 60.969711.30814.972-3.143

    • Table 5. Overall evaluation indices of wind speed and direction (wind speed: m/s; wind direction: °)

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      Table 5. Overall evaluation indices of wind speed and direction (wind speed: m/s; wind direction: °)

      Wind speed and directionR2MAERMSEME
      Two-minute average wind speed0.78081.5121.958-0.024
      Ten-minute average wind speed0.89231.0441.339-0.003
      Ten-minute binned average wind speed0.99230.6120.789-0.194
      Two-minute average wind direction0.939214.19319.7380.719
      Ten-minute average wind direction0.971610.43914.6100.887
      Ten-minute binned average wind direction0.99186.7788.207-2.207

    • Table 6. Wind speed and direction evaluation indices of Molas B300-1105 (wind speed: m/s; wind direction: °)

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      Table 6. Wind speed and direction evaluation indices of Molas B300-1105 (wind speed: m/s; wind direction: °)

      Wind speed and directionR2MAERMSEME
      Two-minute average wind speed0.77051.5612.052-0.309
      Ten-minute average wind speed0.83401.3121.700-0.341
      Two-minute average wind direction0.948212.05918.436-3.865
      Ten-minute average wind direction0.97769.13512.398-4.026
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    Chao Ren, Jianfei Yu, Wei Wan, Siqin Zhou, Hailong Zhu, Xiaokang Shi. Real‑Time Construction of Low‐Altitude Wind Field Based on Fusion of Wind LiDAR and Models[J]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 2025, 52(10): 1010002

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    Paper Information

    Category: remote sensing and sensor

    Received: Dec. 26, 2024

    Accepted: Feb. 11, 2025

    Published Online: May. 16, 2025

    The Author Email: Chao Ren (rc_2013@163.com), Wei Wan (wanwei@movelaser.com), Hailong Zhu (zhuhl22@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn)

    DOI:10.3788/CJL241476

    CSTR:32183.14.CJL241476

    Topics

    laser devices and laser physics
    Lasers and Laser Optics
    Laser physics
    laser manufacturing
    Instrumentation, Measurement and Metrology