Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of laser cutting of heterogeneous bone (a) Bone sample preparation method for different orientations;(b) Relative relationship between laser cutting direction and osteon

Fig. 2. Finite element model of bone tissue under different orientations of laser cutting. (a) Transverse; (b) Parallel; (c) Across

Fig. 3. SEM images of cross-section microstructure of laser cutting. (a) Transverse-oriented cutting; (b) Parallel oriented cutting; (c) Across oriented cutting

Fig. 4. Fracture failure characteristics of bone tissue simulated by finite element method under different orientations of laser cutting. (a, b) Transverse; (c, d) Parallel; (e, f) Across

Fig. 5. Stress intensity factors of laser cutting with different orientations

Fig. 6. Temperature distribution of laser cutting under different orientations. (a) Transverse; (b) Parallel; (c) Across

Fig. 7. Comparison of the stress intensity factor, surface roughness, and peak temperature of laser bone cutting in different orientations

Fig. 8. Optical microscope image and 3D topography of laser cutting section. (a) Transverse-oriented laser cutting; (b) Parallel oriented laser cutting; (c) Across oriented laser cutting; (d) Mechanical transverse-oriented cutting; (e) Mechanical parallel oriented cutting; (f) Mechanical across oriented cutting; (g) Comparison of the roughness of laser and mechanical cutting surfaces