United block sequence mapping-based visible light positioning for dense small cell deployment

Fig. 6. (a) Control circuit of LED lights, (b) the full view of the experimental setup, (c) the APD (d) the signal of one LED light (yellow), and the received signal (blue).

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Fig. 7. Position results of (a) FDM, (b) MTF, (c) MFM(1), (d) MFM(2), (e) MFM(3), and (f) ACM.

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Table 1. Frame Modes.

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Table 1. Frame Modes.

	RI of $i$ th Row
RI frame mode	‘1’ position	‘0’ position
‘ $R +$ ’	last $i$	first ( $M - i$ )
‘ $R -$ ’	last $(M + 1 - i)$	first ( $M - i$ )
	CI of $j$ column
CI frame mode	‘1’ position	‘0’ position
‘ $C +$ ’	last ( $j$ )	first ( $N - j$ )
‘ $C -$ ’	last ( $N + 1 - j$ )	first ( $j - 1$ )

Table 2. Simulation Parameters

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Table 2. Simulation Parameters

Semi-angle at half power (deg.)	20
column spacing of LED lights (m)	2
Row spacing of LED lights (m)	2
Number of LED lights	100 ( $10 \times 10$ )
LED installation height (ceiling height) (m)	6
FOV at a receiver (deg.)	60
Detector physical area of a PD ( ${cm}^{2}$ )	1.0
Gain of an optical filter	1.0
Refractive index of a lens at a PD	1.5
O/E conversion efficiency (A/W)	0.53

Table 3. Performance Comparison

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Table 3. Performance Comparison

	MDE (cm)	Time cost(s)	Storage cost
FDM	18.213	$1.1074 \times 10^{- 2}$	$41 \times 41 \times 100$
MTM	18.298	$6.8763 \times 10^{- 5}$	$41 + 41$
MFM(1)	33.2165	$2.1564 \times 10^{- 4}$	$2 \times 2$
MFM(3)	18.918	$1.5798 \times 10^{- 4}$	$4 \times 2$
MFM(5)	9.8284	$1.4348 \times 10^{- 4}$	$6 \times 2$
MFM(7)	4.7849	$1.4898 \times 10^{- 4}$	$8 \times 2$
MFM(9)	3.0163	$1.4710 \times 10^{- 4}$	$10 \times 2$
ACM	$8.33 \times 10^{- 3}$	$1.4526 \times 10^{- 3}$	0

Table 4. Performance Comparison in the Experiment
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Table 4. Performance Comparison in the Experiment
MDE (cm) Time cost (s) Storage cost
FDM 4.2678 $1.8635 \times 10^{- 5}$ $6 \times 6 \times 4$
MTM 4.2678 $1.1162 \times 10^{- 5}$ $6 + 6$
MFM(1) 2.0060 $4.8981 \times 10^{- 5}$ $2 + 2$
MFM(2) 1.9300 $3.7259 \times 10^{- 5}$ $3 + 3$
MFM(3) 1.1929 $3.9496 \times 10^{- 5}$ $4 + 4$
ACM 1.4598 $1.1 \times 10^{- 3}$ 0

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Runmei Zhao, Zhitong Huang, Yuxin Liu, Yuefeng Ji, "United block sequence mapping-based visible light positioning for dense small cell deployment," Chin. Opt. Lett. 14, 070601 (2016)

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